| 词条 | JTD engine | ||||
| 释义 |
|name=JTD/MultiJet engine |aka=Family B engine |manufacturer={{unbulleted list |Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|General Motors|Maruti Suzuki|Tata-Fiat JV}} |production=1997–present | block = Cast iron | head = Aluminium alloy | fueltype =Diesel | oilsystem = Wet sump | coolingsystem = Water cooled |predecessor= |successor= }}Multijet is Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' term for its current common rail direct injection turbodiesel engine range. Most of the Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia range as well as certain Chrysler, RAM Trucks, Jeep and Maserati vehicles are equipped with Multijet engines. Ownership of some Fiat Multijet designs is shared with General Motors as part of a settlement of the failed merger between the two auto conglomerates. GM Powertrain Torino group in Turin, Italy manages their interest in these engines. Some PSA Peugeot Citroën diesel engines are also rebadged JTD units, and vice versa. Fiat's common rail diesel engine is also known as JTD, an initialism of Jet Turbo Diesel.[1] CharacteristicsThe property that distinguishes the Multijet from previous generations of common rail diesel engines from FCA is the combustion of the fuel, which is split into multiple injections, thus allowing for a more complete, quieter combustion in the cylinder. Compared to the first-generation JTD engines (Unijet system) which only featured a smaller pilot and a larger main injection, Multijet is capable of up to five injections per combustion cycle which enables better, more efficient cold running, better performance especially in the lower rev-range, quieter operation as well as even lower consumptions and emissions. The time between injections has been reduced to 150 microseconds while the minimal injection quantity has been reduced from two to less than one microlitre. This enables even mid-sized sedans like the Alfa Romeo 156 and Lancia Lybra equipped with the 1.9 JTD to achieve fuel economy upwards of 45 mpgUS (55 mpgimp or 5L/100 km) on country roads and highways while offering an equal amount of torque as the 3.0L 24V V6 engine. A sophisticated electronic control unit controls the injection and changes the injection logic and number of injections based on a multitude of parameters, most importantly revolutions per minute of the engine, engine torque requested by the driver and the temperature of the coolant. The injection pressure of the diesel fuel on the second-generation Multijet is limited to between {{formatnum:1400}} bar ({{formatnum:20000}} psi) on the 1.3 Multijet and {{formatnum:1600}} bar ({{formatnum:23000}} psi) on the 2.4 Multijet 20V. Multijet IIIn 2009 Fiat Powertrain introduced the third generation of this technology, called Multijet II. With its new and innovative injectors with hydraulically balanced solenoid valve and even higher injection pressure of 2,000 bar (29,000 psi) it is capable of even more precise controlling of the injected diesel fuel, injecting it in a quicker and more flexible manner. It enables up to eight consecutive injections per combustion cycle and implemented Injection Rate Shaping technology, which provides two very close pilot injections making the fuel delivery more continuous and modulated.[2] This results in an engine that is quiet and has a smoother operation, lower emissions, better fuel mileage and higher performance compared to the previous generation. Automotive engines1.0{{Anchor|XSDE|Xtra Smart Diesel Engine|Smartech Diesel}}{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 1.0 L | image = |manufacturer=General Motors | production = 2011–2017 | aka= {{unbulleted list |XSDE (Xtra Smart Diesel Engine)|Smartech Diesel}} | configuration =I3 | displacement = {{convert|936|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = {{convert|69.615|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} | stroke = {{convert|82.0|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} | valvetrain = DOHC with roller finger followers | compression = 16.8:1 | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = Common rail | management = | power = {{convert|57|bhp|kW hp|order=flip|abbr=on}} | torque = {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|553.3|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} | width = {{convert|547.3|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} | height = {{convert|700.5|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} | weight = {{convert|130|kg|lb|abbr=on|0}} }} A 1.0 L (936 cc) 3-cylinder variant, (called XSDE, Xtra Smart Diesel Engine) or Smartech Diesel, was introduced in 2011. Co-developed by GM Powertrain Torino and the GM Technical Center India for the Indian Market the engine is rated at {{convert|57|bhp|kW hp|abbr=on}} of power and {{convert|150|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} of torque.[3] Applications:
1.3 Multijet{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 1.3 L | image = |manufacturer=Fiat/General Motors | production = 2003–present | aka= {{unbulleted list |CDTI (Opel)|DDIS (Suzuki)|Multijet (Fiat)|Multijet 2 (Fiat)|Quadrajet (Tata)|Smartech TCDI (GM)}} | configuration =I4 | displacement = {{convert|1248|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = {{convert|69.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} | stroke = {{convert|82.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} | valvetrain = Dual overhead camshafts | compression = 17.6:1 | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}} }} A small 1.3 L (1,248 cc) version (called the SDE, Small Diesel Engine) introduced in February 2003[4] is produced in Bielsko-Biała, Poland,[5] and in Ranjangaon, Pune, India, by Fiat India Automobiles.[6] The Multijet 75 PS version was chosen in 2005 as the International Engine of the Year in the 1-litre to 1.4-litre category. There are five versions of this engine: a {{convert|70|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, a {{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} (used in the Fiat Punto, Panda, Palio, Albea, Idea; Opel Corsa, Combo, Meriva; Suzuki Ritz, Swift, SX4; and Tata Indica Vista), a variable inlet geometry {{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} (used in the Fiat Grande Punto,[7] Linea; Opel Corsa, Astra; Suzuki Ertiga; Tata Indigo Manza and Alfa Romeo MiTo), a {{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} from the Multijet II generation,[8] and a {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} available on the Lancia Ypsilon. At the time of the launch this was the smallest four-cylinder diesel engine available and had a fuel consumption of {{convert|3.3|L/100 km|abbr=on}} in some applications. The engine is able to meet Euro IV pollution standards without the use of a diesel particulate filter.[8] In January 2008, Tata Motors introduced the new Indica Vista model, which features new Quadrajet branded version of this engine.[9] The second generation Ford Ka uses 1.3 Multijet named as Duratorq TDCi. In GM nomenclature, it is called Small Diesel Engine (SDE). During 2009, Fiat launched a new generation badged Multijet II, with a new injection management system (up to 8 injections per cycle, instead of 5) and able to meet Euro V pollution standards.[10] It is available with several power outputs, from {{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, with fixed geometry turbocharger, to {{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, with variable geometry turbocharger.[11] As of 2013, more than 5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines were produced.[12] Applications:
1.6 Multijet{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 1.6 L | image = | manufacturer = | production = 2006–present | aka = Multijet (Fiat) | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|1598|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = {{convert|79.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | stroke = {{convert|80.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | valvetrain = | compression = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = }} In 2006, Fiat Powertrain announced a downsized version of the 1.9 16V Multijet, a new 1.6L 16V Multijet (1,598 cc) with two power levels of {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} to replace the still-used 1.9L 8-valve engine. The new 1.6 Multijet diesel with 105 PS was released in December 2007, the 120 PS version arrived later in 2008.[13] Applications:
{{anchor|Z19DT|Z19DTH}} 1.9{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 1.9 L | image = Alfa Romeo JTDm 159.jpg | caption = JTDm engine cover of Alfa Romeo 159 | manufacturer = Fiat/GM | production = 1997–present | aka = {{unbulleted list |CDTI (Opel)|Multijet (Fiat)|Multijet 2 (Fiat)|TiD (Saab Automobile AB)|TTiD (Saab Automobile AB)}} | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|1910|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = {{convert|82|mm|in|abbr=on}} | stroke = {{convert|90.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | valvetrain = | compression = 18.5 | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = {{convert|125|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (Single Turbo) }} The most common JTD engine is the 1.9 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The first car that used this engine was Alfa Romeo 156 in 1997 ({{convert|105|PS|kW hp|disp=comma|abbr=on}}), making it the world's first common-rail diesel passenger car. In 1999, it was introduced on the Fiat Punto JTD with a smaller, fixed-geometry turbocharger and {{convert|80|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, as well as in the Fiat Brava, Bravo and Marea range. There were also {{convert|85|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|101|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|105|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|115|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} versions available. The engine block weighs approximately {{convert|125|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, the cylinder head features an overhead camshaft with directly actuated valves. The Multijet second generation features an advanced common-rail system and is available with seven different power outputs. The 8-valve version has {{convert|101|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|130|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and the 16-valve version has {{convert|134|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|138|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}. Except for the 101 PS Multijet, all engines feature a variable-geometry turbocharger. Opel also uses a version of this engine. Their CDTI engine, manufactured in Pratola Serra, Italy and Kaiserslautern, Germany, is the product of the half-decade joint venture between GM and Fiat. It is used in the Vectra, Signum, Astra, Zafira, Cadillac BLS and Suzuki SX4 as well as some Saabs marked as TiD and TTiD (twinturbo version). Applications
GalleryTwin TurboFiat Powertrain Technologies released information about new two stage turbo (twin turbo) version of this engine in summer 2007, engine is available with two power levels, first one is producing {{convert|180|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and second one {{convert|190|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, both have a maximum torque output of {{convert|400|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} at 2000 rpm. 180 PS version production started summer 2007. The engine weighs approximately {{convert|185|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. This engine will be sold both to Fiat Group Automobiles and other brands, but the {{convert|190|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} version is reserved only to Fiat Group Automobiles.[15]Applications:
2.0 Multijet II{{Infobox automobile engine| name = 2.0 L | image = Alfa Romeo JTDm-2 giulietta.jpg | caption = JTDm 2 engine cover of Alfa Romeo Giulietta | manufacturer = {{unbulleted list |Fiat|GM}} | production = 2008–present | aka = {{unbulleted list |CDTI (Opel)|TiD4 or TTiD4 (Saab)|GM Family Ecotec Diesel B engine (GM)|Multijet (Fiat)| Kryotec (Tata)}} | predecessor = | successor = | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|1956|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = {{convert|83|mm|in|abbr=on}} | stroke = {{convert|90.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | block = Cast iron | head = Aluminum | valvetrain = Dual overhead camshafts | compression = 16.5 | fuelsystem = Direct injection | turbocharger = | management = | fueltype = {{unbulleted list | Diesel|B20}} | oilsystem = Wet sump | coolingsystem = Water-cooled | power = {{convert|110|-|192|hp|kW|abbr=on}} | specpower = | torque = {{convert|192|-|280|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} | length = | width = | height = | weight = {{convert|174|-|182|kg|lb|abbr=on}} }} A new 2 litre (1,956 cc, 83 mm bore, 90.4 mm stroke) Multijet diesel was introduced in third generation Lancia Delta in summer 2008. At its first version this engine produces {{convert|165|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}. For 2009 the engine was fitted to Alfa Romeo 159 as {{convert|170|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} variant. Fiat Sedici, Suzuki SX4 and the new Fiat Doblò generation use a {{convert|135|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} variant of this engine. GM Powertrain separately developed their diesel engines based on 1.9 JTD, after end of "marriage" between GM and Fiat,[16] and first was {{convert|160|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} version for Astra and Insignia, which was later upgraded to 165 PS for Astra (163 PS in restyled version of Insignia), and less powerful version for Insignia with 110 PS and 130 PS. In 2011 GM Powertrain Europe developed a new derivative - the twin-turbocharger BiTurbo version, with {{convert|195|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}, which is used in the Insignia and starting with 2013 in the Astra J. Internally the new engine is referred to as GM Ecotec Family B engine. The same engine was also available in the 2011 Saab 9-5 with 160 PS and 190 PS twin-turbo. In 2013 Opel introduced cleaner and more fuel efficient versions of the 2.0 CDTI engine and the ecoFLEX version, with 99 g/km of CO2 and 120 PS (140 PS for Insignia).[17] Applications:
2.2 Multijet II{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 2.2 L | image = | caption = | manufacturer = Fiat (Pratola Serra plant) | production = 2015-current | aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet II (Fiat)}} | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|2184|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = {{convert|83.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | stroke = {{convert|99|mm|in|abbr=on}} | block = Cast iron (die-cast Aluminium for Alfa Romeo) | head = Aluminum | valvetrain = Dual overhead camshafts | compression = 15.5:1 | turbocharger = Variable-geometry integrated in the exhaust manifold | fuelsystem = Common Rail | management = Multijet II (Magneti Marelli) | power = {{convert|185|-|210|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} | specpower = | torque = {{convert|440-470|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} | length = | width = | height = | weight = }} The 2.2 Multijet II (2,184 cc) was introduced by Fiat Chrysler in mid-2015.[18] These engines produce {{convert|185|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} with {{convert|440|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} of torque at 2500 RPM in the Jeep Cherokee. It was developed to offer more torque in the low-rev range compared to the 2.0L Multijet.[19] This engine further improves the existing 2.0 Multijet in various areas, such as a higher injection pressure (2,000 Bar instead of 1,600 Bar) with Injector Rate Shaping, an oil pump with variable displacement and counterbalance-shafts to reduce noises and vibrations.[20] This engine meets Euro 6 emission norms without the use of diesel exhaust fluid injection. A further development of this engine with a 2,143 cc displacement, and a die-cast Aluminium block, is used in the Alfa Romeo Giulia (952).[21] Applications:
2.4{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 2.4 L | image = Alfa0038 JTD.jpg | caption = Engine cover of Alfa Romeo 166 2.4 JTD | manufacturer = Fiat | production = | aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet (Fiat)}} | configuration = I5 | displacement = {{convert|2387|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | block = Cast iron | bore = 82 mm | stroke = 90.4 mm | valvetrain = OHC | compression = 18,5 | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = Direct injection | power = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = }} The 2.4 L (2,387 cc) straight-5 version is based on the 2.4 {{convert|124|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} 5 cylinder TD engine as used in the Mk1 Fiat Marea and the Mk1 Lancia Kappa. The JTD version benefits from the solid build of the TD block, and an improved head/injection system. There are 2 versions of the 2.4 JTD, the 10-valve as used in the Fiat Marea 130 JTD and the earlier Alfa Romeo 156/Lancia Lybra diesels where it was available as {{convert|136|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|140|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|150|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and later a Multijet 20-valve version {{convert|175|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} as used in the later (2003>) Alfa Romeo 156 as well as some Lancia vehicles. It was designed for transverse front-wheel drive use and was deemed too long and tall for widespread use in other GM Ecotec or Fiat products. A newer Multijet variant of this engine, capable for {{convert|200|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, is currently used in the Alfa Romeo 159, Alfa Romeo Brera and Fiat Croma. The latest version of this engine produces {{convert|210|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|400|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 1500 rpm, and is used in Alfa Romeo vehicles.[22] Applications:
3.0 V6 Multijet IISee List of VM Motori engines#A 630 DOHC. {{clear}}Heavy-duty engines2.3{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 2.3 L | image = | caption = 055 557 2636 | manufacturer = | production = | aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet (Fiat)}} | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|2287|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = | stroke = | valvetrain = | compression = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = }} The 2.3 Multijet (2,287 cc) was developed by Iveco for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 120 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481D), 130 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481N or F1AE6481D) and 150 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE3481E), these engines produce {{convert|120|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|130|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|148|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} respectively. Applications:
2.8{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 2.8 L | image = | caption = | manufacturer = Iveco | production = | aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet (Fiat)}} | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|2798|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = | stroke = | valvetrain = | compression = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = }} The 2.8 JTD (2,798 cc) made by Iveco (Sofim) was used in second generation Fiat Ducato, it produces {{convert|127|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|146|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}. Applications:
3.0{{Infobox automobile engine|name = 3.0 L | image = | caption = | manufacturer = Iveco | production = | aka = {{unbulleted list |Multijet (Fiat)}} | configuration = I4 | displacement = {{convert|2998|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} | bore = | stroke = | valvetrain = | compression = | turbocharger = | fuelsystem = | management = | length = | width = | height = | weight = }} The 160 MultiJet Power, introduced in 2007, saw displacement increased to 3.0 L (2,998 cc). This engine produces {{convert|157|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|177|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} in Fiat-badged models. In Iveco Massif this engine is also available as {{convert|176|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} version. Applications:
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|title=Corso MJT Fiat}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.iav.com/sites/default/files/handouts/2014/en-us/diesel-injection-rate-shaping.pdf}} 3. ^{{cite web|last=Raja|first=Shrawan|title=Chevrolet Beat XSDE SMARTECH engine|url=http://indianautosblog.com/2011/07/chevrolet-beat-xsde-smartech-engine|work=Indian Autos Blog|accessdate=18 November 2013|date=Jul 23, 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Third generation FIRE engine: the 1.3 Multijet 16v|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/news_2003/news_2003_029_multijet/news_2003_029multijet_3.html|publisher=Italiaspeed.com|accessdate=19 February 2014|date=7 February 2003}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2005/cars/fiat/11/1300_multijet/3011.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-18 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013053/http://www.italiaspeed.com/2005/cars/fiat/11/1300_multijet/3011.html |archivedate=2014-02-22 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web |author=Jan 19, 2012 |url=http://www.autocarindia.com/News/287592,fiat-suzuki-ink-pact-for-multijet.aspx |title=Fiat, Suzuki ink pact for Multijet - News |publisher=Autocar India |date=2012-01-19 |accessdate=2012-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731084158/http://www.autocarindia.com/News/287592,fiat-suzuki-ink-pact-for-multijet.aspx |archive-date=2012-07-31 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Fiat Grande Punto: A very comprehensive array of sophisticated engines and gearboxes|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/new_models/2005/fiat/grande_punto/engines.html|publisher=Italiaspeed.com|accessdate=19 February 2014}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|title=Fiat Punto Evo: Technological innovation|url=http://www.fiatpress.com/press/detail/10690|publisher=Fiat Group Automobiles Press|accessdate=19 February 2014|date=29 September 2009}} 9. ^{{Cite press|url=http://www.tata.com/media/releases/inside.aspx?artid=xREtrQhPnWE=|date=January 9, 2008|title=Tata Motors launches new vehicle models at the New Delhi Auto Expo|accessdate=2008-01-10|publisher=Tata Motors}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=The new 1.3 Multijet II 95 HP (Euro5) engine is making its first appearance on the Fiat 500 and 500C|url=http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?lng=2&group=1&method=cartelle&action=zoom&id=4594|publisher=Fiat Group Automobiles Press|accessdate=19 February 2014|date=25 November 2009}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Four millionth 1.3 MultiJet 16V diesel engine is built at Fiat powertrain's Poland factory|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2011/cars/others/fiat_powertrain/02/multijet_4_million_poland/0902.html|publisher=Italiaspeed.com|accessdate=2012-04-01|date=2011-02-09}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines produced|url=http://www.fiatpress.com/press/article/115529|publisher=Fiatpress.com|accessdate=15 June 2013}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaspeed.com/2007/cars/fiat/09/bravo_sales/2609.html|date=2007-09-27 |title=The new Fiat Bravo has already hit its full year sales targets|accessdate=2007-10-09|work=italiaspeed.com}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/27/fiat-suzuki-idUSLDE75Q1O220110627 |title=Suzuki to use Fiat engines for new car from 2013|accessdate=2011-06-27|work=reuters.com|first=Chang-Ran|last=Kim|date=June 27, 2011}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fptpowertrain.com/eng/pdf/Comunicato_uk.pdf |title=New engine 1.9 JTD twin stage turbo |accessdate=2007-06-08 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |date= |year= |month= |format=PDF |work=fptpowertrain.com |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225906/http://www.fptpowertrain.com/eng/pdf/Comunicato_uk.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-27 |quote= }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://gmpowertrain.com/EuropeVehicleEngines/IntroductionEurope.aspx |year=2011 |title=Vehicles Engines Introduction |accessdate=2012-04-05 |publisher=General Motors Company |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325223100/http://www.gmpowertrain.com/EuropeVehicleEngines/IntroductionEurope.aspx |archivedate=March 25, 2012 }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://media.opel.com/content/media/intl/en/opel/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/intl/en/2013/opel/06-12-new-opel-insignia.html|title=The New Opel Insignia – The Engine and Infotainment Revolution|accessdate=2013-06-12}} 18. ^{{cite web|website=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09PI6puHdps}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU5D6UillG0|title=Paolo Pallotti Engine Engineering Technical Director at Fiat Powertrain Technologies|first=|last=ABMnews|date=16 June 2015|publisher=|accessdate=16 November 2018|via=YouTube}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/06/22/jeep-cherokee-debutta-il-nuovo-2-2-turbodiesel-fca-che-sara-anche-sullalfa-giulia/1802293/|title=Jeep Cherokee, debutta il nuovo diesel FCA 2.2 da 185 e 200 CV - Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=22 June 2015|publisher=|accessdate=16 November 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rH1UinmCk_4|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|accessdate=16 November 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|date=2012-04-06|url=http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/805|title=Alfa Romeo at the 77th Geneva International Motor Show 2007|accessdate=2012-04-06|work=alfaromeopress.com}} References
3 : Fiat engines|General Motors engines|Diesel engines by model |
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