| 词条 | Isatai'i |
| 释义 |
Early lifeNot much is known about Isatai'i’s youth. He was born a Kwaharʉ Comanche, a few years before Quanah Parker, probably about 1840. As an adult he became a medicine man, not a traditional warrior. He first came into prominence right before the Second Battle of Adobe Walls as he preached a Messianic War against buffalo hunters and other whites he feared were ending the Comanche way of life. Isatai'i's prophecies were based on his claim that he had ascended far above the earth into the clouds and had conversed with the Great Spirit. He claimed the Great Spirit had granted him extraordinary powers. Among these powers were the ability to cure the sick, bring the dead back to life, to control the weather and other natural phenomena, and to make bullets fall to the ground, harming no one. He claimed that he could belch up bullets and cartridges, and reswallow same. He correctly predicted the disappearance of the comet in 1873, and also correctly predicted a drought that year—predictions that solidified his status as a miracle worker, prophet, and medicine man.[3] Preparing for the Second Battle of Adobe Walls{{main|Second Battle of Adobe Walls}}Isatai'i brought all the bands of the Comanches together for the sun dance in May 1874. At the sun dance, he began preaching a war of revenge and extermination, and told the warriors they would be invulnerable to their enemies. Comanche history says that Isatai'i’s hatred of the whites was motivated by the deaths of family members at their hands.[3] It is notable that members of other tribes, mainly the Kiowas and Cheyennes, found his message appealing. At first, the Comanche wished to exterminate the Tonkawas, long allies and scouts for the hated Texas Rangers. But disregarding that plan as secondary to the need of saving the buffalo, then approaching extermination at the hands of white hunters, the Comanches decided to attack the hunters in the Texas Panhandle, who were destroying the buffalo and thereby endangering the Native American Plains tribes' chief source of food. On June 27 a party of 250 - 1000 Indians, primarily all the bands of the Comanches, but including Kiowa and Cheyenne, attacked the buffalo hunters who were camping at the old trading post of Adobe Walls, on the South Canadian River. During the battle, led primarily by the young Comanche Quanah Parker, Isatai'i remained at least a mile away on a distant hill. The buffalo hunters, twenty-eight men and one woman, protected by the solid adobe walls and armed with long-range rifles, fought off the Indians and finally compelled them to withdraw. It was during this battle that Billy Dixon made what may be the most famous rifle shot of the west, hitting a Comanche chief one mile (1.6 km) away.[3] About fifteen warriors were killed and a larger number wounded, including Quanah Parker.[3] After Adobe WallsIsatai'i tried to absolve himself of the blame for the disastrous defeat by claiming that his magic had been weakened before the battle when one of the Cheyennes violated a sacred taboo by killing a skunk.[3] The Cheyennes took this poorly, especially the Dog Soldiers, and responded by beating him severely. Isatai'i was discredited and publicly humiliated.[4] Later lifeAlthough many military historians do not consider the Second Battle of Adobe Walls a major historic engagement, it was a crushing spiritual defeat for the Southern Plains Indians, who had come to believe fully in the superhuman prophetic powers of the medicine man, and being driven off by civilian buffalo hunters certainly marked the end of their time as any sort of military power. Within a year, the Comanche and Kiowa were all on the reservation.[3] Footnotes1. ^ {{Cite book | last = Kavanagh | first = Thomas W. | title = The Comanches: A History, 1706-1875 | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Lincoln | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8032-7792-X | page = 445}} 2. ^ {{Cite book | last = Haley | first = James L. | authorlink = James L. Haley | title = The Buffalo War: The History of the Red River Indian Uprising of 1874 | publisher = Doubleday | year = 1976 | isbn = 1-880510-58-8 | page = 232 note}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fis05 | title=ISA-TAI | publisher=The Handbook of Texas Online | first=Gaines | last=Kincaid | accessdate=2008-01-17}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/redriver/index.html | title=The Red River War of 1874 | work=Texas Beyond History | publisher=University of Texas at Austin | date=1 October 2001}} References
10 : 1840s births|1890 deaths|Comanche tribe|People from Texas|People from Oklahoma|Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America|Native American people of the Indian Wars|Comanche Campaign|Battles involving the Comanche|Healers |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。