“Judeo-Tat”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Judeo-Tat

释义

Distribution
Phonology
Alphabet
Influences and etymology
Dialects
References
External links

{{Infobox language
|name = Judeo-Tat
|nativename = çuhuri / жугьури / ז'אוּהאוּראִ
|states = AzerbaijanRussia

Spoken by immigrant communities in Israel, United States (New York City)

|speakers = ca. 101,000^[1]
|date=1989–1998
|ref=e18
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = Indo-Iranian
|fam3 = Iranian
|fam4 = Western Iranian
|fam5 = Southwestern Iranian
|fam6 = Persian^[2]
|script = Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew
|nation = Dagestan, enlisted as Tat
|iso3 = jdt
|glotto=jude1256
|glottorefname=Judeo-Tat
|notice=IPA
}}Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (çuhuri / жугьури / ז'אוּהאוּראִ) is the traditional language of the Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan and Dagestan, now mainly spoken in Israel.^[3]

The language is a form of Persian which belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. The Tat language is spoken by the Muslim Tats of Azerbaijan, a group to which the Mountain Jews were mistakenly considered to belong during the era of Soviet historiography though the languages probably originated in the same region of the Persian empire. The words Juvuri and Juvuro literally translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".

Judeo-Tat has Semitic (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic) elements on all linguistic levels. Judeo-Tat has the Semitic sound "ayin/ayn" (ع/ע), whereas no neighbouring languages have it. ^[4]

Judeo-Tat is an endangered language^[5]^[6] classified as "definitely endangered" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.^[6]

Distribution

The language is spoken by an estimated 101,000 people:

Israel: 70,000 in 1998
Azerbaijan: 24,000 in 1989
Russia: 2,000 in 2010^[3]
United States: 5,000^[7]
Canada^[8]

Phonology

Vowel phonemes of Judeo-Tat
Front		Central	Back
Unrounded	Rounded	Central	Back
Close	i}}	y}}	u}}
Near-close	ɪ}}
Mid	ɛ}}	o}}
Open	æ}}	a}}

Consonant phonemes of Judeo-Tat
		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Post alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m}}	n̪}}
Stop and Affricate	voiceless	p}}	t̪}}	t͡ʃ}}	k}}
Stop and Affricate	voiced	b}}	d̪}}	d͡ʒ}}	ɡ}}	ɢ}}
Fricative	voiceless	f}}	s̪}}	ʃ}}	χ}}	ħ}}	h}}
Fricative	voiced	v}}	z̪}}
Approximant		l}}	j}}	ʕ}}
Flap		ɾ}}

^[9]

Alphabet

In the early 20th century Judeo-Tat used the Hebrew script. In the 1920s the Latin script was adapted for it; later it was written in Cyrillic. The use of the Hebrew alphabet has enjoyed renewed popularity.

Latin

Çç

Əə

Ḩḩ

Ħћ

Şş

Cyrillic

Аа

Бб

Чч

Жж

Дд

Ее

Ээ

Фф

Гг

Гьгь

ГӀгӀ

Хьхь

Ии

Йй

Кк

Лл

Мм

Нн

Оо

Пп

Гъгъ

Рр

Сс

Шш

Тт

Уу

Вв

Хх

Уьуь

Зз

Hebrew

אַ

בּ

'ג'/צ

'ז

אי

אִ

כּ

אָ

פּ

אוּ

או

Influences and etymology

{{refimprove|article's section called "Influences and etymology"|date=June 2009}}

Judeo-Tat is a Southwest Iranian language (as is modern Persian) and is much more closely related to modern Persian than most other Iranian languages of the Caucasus e.g. Talysh, Ossetian, and Kurdish.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} However, it also bears strong influence from other sources:

Medieval Persian: Postpositions are used predominantly in lieu of prepositions e.g. modern Persian: باز او > Judeo-Tat æ uræ-voz "with him/her".

Arabic: like in modern Persian, a significant portion of the vocabulary is Arabic in origin. Unlike modern Persian, Judeo-Tat has almost universally retained the original pharyngeal/uvular phonemes of Arabic e.g. {{IPA|/ʕæsæl/}} "honey" (Arab. {{lang|ar|عسل}}), {{IPA|/sæbæħ/}} "morning" (Arab. {{lang|ar|صباح}}).

Hebrew: As other Jewish dialects, the language also has many Hebrew loanwords e.g. {{IPA|/ʃulħon/}} "table" (Heb. {{Hebrew|שלחן}}), {{IPA|/mozol/}} "luck" (Heb. {{Hebrew|מזל}}), {{IPA|/ʕoʃiɾ/}} "rich" (Heb. {{Hebrew|עשיר}}). Hebrew words are typically pronounced in the tradition of other Mizrahi Jews. Examples: {{Hebrew|ח}} and {{Hebrew|ע}} are pronounced pharyngeally (like Arabic {{lang|ar|ح}}‎, {{lang|ar|ع}} respectively); {{Hebrew|ק}} is pronounced as a voiced uvular plosive (like Persian {{lang|fa|ق/غ}}). Classical Hebrew {{IPA|/w/}} ({{Hebrew|ו}}) and {{IPA|/aː/}} (kamatz), however, are typically pronounced as /v/ and /o/ respectively (similar to the Persian/Ashkenazi traditions, but unlike the Iraqi tradition, which retains {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}})

Azeri: Vowel harmony and many loan words

Russian: Loanwords adopted after the Russian Empire's annexation of Daghestan and Azerbaijan

Northeast Caucasian languages: e.g. {{IPA|/tʃuklæ/}} "small" (probably the same origin as the medieval Caucasian city name "Sera-chuk" mentioned by Ibn Battuta, meaning "little Sera")

Other common phonology/morphology changes from classical Persian/Arabic/Hebrew:

{{IPA|/aː/}} > /o/, /æ/, or /u/ e.g. {{IPA|/kitob/}} "book" (Arab. {{lang|ar|كتاب)}}, {{IPA|/ɾæħ/}} "road/path" (Pers. {{lang|fa|راه}}), {{IPA|/ɢurbu/}} "sacrifice" (Arab. or Aramaic {{IPA|/qurbaːn/}})
/o/ > /u/ e.g. {{IPA|/ovʃolum/}} "Absalom" (Heb. {{Hebrew|אבשלום}})
/u/ > /y/, especially under the influence of vowel harmony
Stress on final syllable words
Dropping of the final /n/, e.g. /soχtæ/ "to make" (Pers. {{lang|fa|ساختن}}){{Clarify|date=June 2017|reason=transcriptions needed throughout}}

Dialects

Being a variety of the Tat language, Judeo-Tat itself can be divided into several dialects:

Quba dialect (traditionally spoken in Quba and Qırmızı Qəsəbə).
Derbent dialect (traditionally spoken in the town of Derbent and the surrounding villages), has been used as a standard form of Judeo-Tat.
Kaitag dialect (spoken in the North Caucasus).

The dialects of Oğuz (formerly Vartashen) and the now extinct Jewish community of Mücü have not been studied well and thus cannot be classified.^[10]

References

^[11]

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20091203140314/http://www.trilinguis.com/library/juhur.htm Горско-еврейский язык] (словарь, грамматика, библиотека)
JUHURO.RU - Информационно развлекательный портал горских евреев Горские Евреи Израиля population ~70,000
Горские Евреи Нальчика Mountain Jews of Nalchik.
Горские Евреи Америки Mountain Jews of the US.
Сайт Горских Евреев Культура новости

{{Jewish languages}}{{Persian language}}{{Languages of Azerbaijan}}{{Languages of the Caucasus}}{{Jews and Judaism}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Juhuri Language}}

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