| 词条 | Judicial Watch |
| 释义 |
| name = Judicial Watch | image = Judicial Watch Logo.jpg | leader_title = President | leader_name = Tom Fitton | type = Nonprofit organization | formation = {{start date and age|1994|7|29}} | purpose = Conservative activism | headquarters = 425 Third Street, SW Washington, D.C., U.S. 20024 | location = United States | website = {{url|https://www.judicialwatch.org|JudicialWatch.org}} }} Judicial Watch (JW) is an American conservative activist group[1] and self-styled watchdog group[1][2] that files Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits to investigate claimed misconduct by government officials. Founded in 1994, JW has primarily targeted Democrats, in particular the Clinton administration, the Obama administration, and Hillary Clinton, although it has sued Republicans as well including the administration of George W. Bush. It has also filed lawsuits against government climate scientists; Judicial Watch has described climate science as "fraud science". The group has made numerous false and unsubstantiated claims, which have been picked up by right-wing news outlets. The vast majority of its lawsuits have been dismissed.[1] HistoryJudicial Watch was founded in 1994 by attorney and right-wing activist Larry Klayman. Before leaving in 2003 Klayman hired the current president Tom Fitton.[1] Clinton AdministrationJudicial Watch came to public attention after filing 18 lawsuits against the administration of Democratic U.S. President Bill Clinton and other figures in the Clinton administration. An early lawsuit was filed by Judicial Watch on behalf of the Western Center for Journalism (WCJ) in 1998. The lawsuit alleged a retaliatory audit by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The WCJ was investigating the death of Clinton deputy White House counsel Vince Foster at the time.[3] The organization received considerable financial support from prominent Clinton critics, including $7.74 million from conservative billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife.[4] This led Clinton administration officials to accuse Judicial Watch of "abusing the judicial system for partisan ends".[5] Bush administrationIn July 2003 Judicial Watch joined the environmental organization Sierra Club in suing the George W. Bush administration for access to minutes of Vice President Dick Cheney's Energy Task Force.[6] Judicial Watch was involved in a similar legal dispute with Vice President Dick Cheney in 2002 when the group filed a shareholder lawsuit against Halliburton. The lawsuit, which accused Halliburton of accounting fraud, alleged that "when Mr. Cheney was chief executive of Halliburton, he and other directors inflated revenue reports, boosting Halliburton's share price."[7] As reported by the Wall Street Journal the court filing claims the oil-field-services concern overstated revenue by a total of $445 million from 1999 through the end of 2001.[8][9] Obama administrationJudicial Watch has filed over twenty FOIA lawsuits involving the Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's emails.[10][11] A federal judge ruled on February 23, 2016 that top aides to Hillary Clinton could be questioned under oath by Judicial Watch about her use of a private email server as secretary of state. District Court Judge Emmet G. Sullivan granted Judicial Watch's motion for discovery into whether the State Department and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton deliberately thwarted the Freedom of Information Act by using a private email server to obscure her communications from public records requests.[12] Activities and controversiesJudicial Watch’s main targets have been Democrats, particularly Bill and Hillary Clinton and the Obama administration.[13] Commerce Department trade mission scandal{{main|Commerce Department trade mission controversy}}In 1995, Judicial Watch, Inc. filed an action in the District Court under the FOIA, seeking information from the Department of Commerce (DOC) regarding DOC's selection of participants for foreign trade missions. In May 1995, following a search in response to Judicial Watch's FOIA requests, DOC produced approximately 28,000 pages of nonexempt information and withheld about 1,000 documents as exempt. Disputes arose between the parties over the adequacy of DOC's search, and Judicial Watch charged that some DOC officials had destroyed or removed responsive documents. In December 1998, following discovery, the District Court granted partial summary judgment to Judicial Watch and ordered DOC to perform a new search.[14] During the investigation, Nolanda B. Hill, a business partner of Commerce Secretary Ron Brown testified that Brown had told her that first lady Hillary Clinton was the driving force behind the efforts to raise as much money as possible for President Clinton's reelection and the DNC. And further that, "...companies were being solicited to donate large sums of money in exchange for their selection to participate on trade missions of the Commerce Department." [15] Vince Foster conspiracyJudicial Watch helped promote the conspiracy theory that Vince Foster was murdered by the Clintons.[16][13][17] White House visitor logsAugust 10, 2009 Judicial Watch sent a FOIA request to the US Secret Service asking that official White House visitor logs be made public. In August 2011, U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell ordered the agency to process the group's data request.[18] The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia partially affirmed the decision, holding that the Secret Service did not have to produce records of visitors to the president's office.[18] False Nancy Pelosi claimsIn 2010, Judicial Watch made inaccurate claims about air travel spending by Nancy Pelosi's congressional delegation; Judicial Watch's claims were picked up by the conservative conspiracy site WorldNetDaily.[19] Judicial Watch also made false claims about Pelosi's air travel in 2008 as well.[20] Operation Neptune SpearOsama bin Laden, leader of the terror group al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 1, 2011 in a joint operation by the United States Navy SEALs and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). This operation was code-named Operation Neptune Spear.[21] On May 2, 2011 Judicial Watch filed a FOIA request with the Department of Defense and the CIA for photographs and videos of bin Laden taken during or after the operation.[22] The Federal Government failed to produce any records within the required 20-day time period. In order to force compliance, Judicial Watch filed a FOIA lawsuit against the DOD and CIA on June 8, 2011. On January 31, 2014, after legal wrangling, the Pentagon was forced to release Operation Neptune Spear documents to Judicial Watch. One obtained email had the subject line OPSEC Guidance / Neptune Spear and is proof that days after the original FOIA request U.S. Special Operations Commander, Admiral William McRaven ordered his subordinates to immediately destroy any Osama bin Laden photos they may have had.[23] Kennedy assassination recordsJudicial Watch filed a FOIA lawsuit against the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) to obtain the records from Robert F. Kennedy's tenure as the U.S. Attorney General. The records covered sensitive intelligence operations conducted during the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson administrations.[24] Hillary Clinton email lawsuitsJudicial Watch has currently filed twenty FOIA lawsuits involving the Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's emails.[10][11] On February 8, 2016, the FBI confirmed it was investigating Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server during her time as Secretary of State. The Bureau was forced to formally acknowledge the investigation due to an ongoing FOIA lawsuit brought by Judicial Watch. FBI director James Comey had previously referenced the investigation, although the FBI had declined to confirm or deny it in court filings.[25][26] A federal judge ruled on February 23, 2016 that top aides to Hillary Clinton could be questioned under oath by Judicial Watch about her use of a private email server as secretary of state. District Court Judge Emmet G. Sullivan granted Judicial Watch's motion for discovery into whether the State Department and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton deliberately thwarted the Freedom of Information Act by using a private email server to obscure her communications from public records requests.[12] In May 2016 U.S. District Court Judge Emmet G. Sullivan granted “discovery” to Judicial Watch into former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s email system. This ruling allowed Judicial Watch to question two close Clinton aides, Huma Abedin and Cheryl Mills, under oath. In a separate FOIA lawsuit concerning Hillary Clinton and the Benghazi terrorist attack, U.S. District Court Judge Royce Lamberth ruled Judicial Watch can conduct discovery into the email practices of Clinton and her top aides.[27] In a separate case, on March 29, 2016 U.S. District Court Judge Royce Lamberth granted Judicial Watch limited discovery, citing potential bad faith by the government in responding to requests for documents related to talking points provided to Susan Rice in response to the Benghazi attack.[28] A FOIA lawsuit by Judicial Watch led to the release of 2,800 e-mails from Clinton aide Huma Abedin that were found on the laptop computer of Anthony Weiner, Abedin's estranged husband. Five of the e-mails were classified.[29] False claims about George Zimmermann protestsIn 2013, Judicial Watch claimed that the Department of Justice under the Obama administration organized protests against George Zimmermann after the Trayvon Martin shooting; PolitiFact said that this "mostly false" and that while Justice Department employees were sent to Florida, they "were sent with the idea of keeping the situation peaceful and calm, not to instigate or condone protests or violence."[30] ISIS in Mexico scaresIn 2014 and 2015, Judicial Watch falsely claimed that ISIS had set up camp in Mexico; Judicial Watch's claims were picked up by several right-wing news outlets.[31][32][33][16][34] Collaboration with Steve Bannon and Breitbart NewsIn 2013, Judicial Watch collaborated with Steve Bannon, executive chairman of the alt-right website Breitbart, on the film "District of Corruption", which critiqued the Obama administration.[35] Judicial Watch paid Bannon's group Victory Film Project $382,143 for the film.[35] Politico described the film as an "infomercial for the work of Judicial Watch".[36] Judicial Watch has for a number of years advertised on Breitbart News, the alt-right website run by Steve Bannon.[37] Judicial Watch's president Tom Fitton said "Liberal activists want to destroy Breitbart, but we won’t be cowed".[37] Murder of Seth Rich conspiracy theoryIn 2017, Judicial Watch requested documents related to the death of DNC staffer Seth Rich; Seth Rich's death led to debunked rightwing conspiracy theories which alleged that Hillary Clinton or the Democratic Party had him killed.[38] False voter fraud claimsIn August 2017, Judicial Watch falsely alleged that 11 California counties had more registered voters than their estimated populations of citizens eligible to vote; the claims were picked up by outlets such as Breitbart News and Russian propaganda network RT (Russia Today).[39] Judicial Watch counted "inactive voters" in its tally, which is a list of people that California maintains of people who have been removed from active rolls after a mail ballot, voter guide or other official document was returned as undeliverable; California keeps such a list as a fail-safe in case eligible voters have been erroneously categorized as "inactive".[39] California Secretary of State Alex Padilla said Judicial Watch's claims were "baseless", and "bad math and dubious methodology".[39][40] When the Los Angeles Times asked Judicial Watch to share its analysis of voter registration in California, Judicial Watch declined.[40] Judicial Watch's voter fraud claims came in the wake of President Donald Trump's false claims of extensive voter fraud in California during the 2016 presidential election.[40] Judicial Watch president Tom Fitton has made alarmist claims about voter fraud, saying "We have all heard about voter fraud and the attempts by liberal media organs like the New York Times and Ivory Tower academics to dismiss it as a nonexistent problem. But is it real, widespread, and substantial to the point that it can decide elections."[41] False claims about Trump Nazi billboardIn 2017, Judicial Watch falsely claimed that taxpayer money went into a billboard which depicted President Donald Trump as a Nazi; The Arizona Republic noted that this was false.[42] Lawsuits against climate scientistsJudicial Watch, which has claimed that climate science is "fraud science", has filed lawsuits seeking to force the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to release the correspondence of climate scientists who published a 2015 study in the journal Science.[43][44] The study had debunked one of the common claims made by those who reject the scientific consensus on climate change, namely that there existed global warming "hiatus" between 1998-2012.[43] The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund (CSLDF), American Meteorological Society and Union of Concerned Scientists condemned Judicial Watch, saying that the disclosure of private communications between scientists "would harm (or halt altogether) government scientists' ability to collaborate with colleagues, damage the government's ability to recruit or retain top scientists, and deter critically important research into politically charged fields like climate change".[43] The Judicial Watch lawsuit was inspired by Rep. Lamar Smith, a climate change denier[45][46][47] who had accused the authors of the study of "alter[ing] data" to "get the politically correct results they want."[43][48] Mueller and FBI investigations into Russian interferenceIn 2017, Judicial Watch helped to stoke Republican attacks against Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election.[49] Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton has called for the Special Counsel investigation to be shut down, arguing that prosecutors in the probe were too biased against President Trump to conduct a credible investigation, a claim rejected by Republican Senators Tom Tillis and Bob Corker.[50] Fitton furthermore called for shutting down the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) based on the false claim that the Obama administration had turned it into a "KGB-type operation."[51] In July 2018, the DOJ complied with a Judicial Watch (FOIA) request for release of documents pertaining to the FISA surveillance application for Carter Page.[52] After the release of the documents, Fitton said that they seemed to "confirm the FBI and DoJ misled the courts in withholding info about Clinton-DNC being behind the info used to get the FISA warrant."[52] Mainstream news outlets noted that the documents did in fact note that FBI and DOJ informed the FISA court that the Steele dossier was opposition research.[53][54] The documents also made clear that the Steele dossier was just one of many reasons that the FBI were concerned about Page and his relationship with Russia.[53][54] Accusations against the Clinton FoundationIn January 2018, Judicial Watch president Tom Fitton repeated accusations against the Clinton Foundation that it had funneled money intended for charity work in Haiti to pay for Chelsea Clinton's wedding.[55] The Washington Post fact-checked the claim a year earlier and found that it was "lacking any evidence".[55] Misleading report about FISA court hearingsOn August 31, 2018, Judicial Watch reported on its blog that the Justice Department "admitted" in a court filing that the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court held no hearings regarding the surveillance application for former Trump adviser Carter Page. In their blog post,[56] Judicial Watch linked to the court filing,[57] which was in response to a FOIA lawsuit, but nowhere in the blog post was it mentioned that, rather than an "admission", the court filing clarified that hearings were not typically held: "Specifically, FOIA staff consulted with knowledgeable subject matter experts in the Office of Intelligence. Those experts confirmed that, as is typical in proceedings before the FISC, no hearings were held with respect to the acknowledged Carter Page FISA applications, and thus no responsive transcripts exist."[57] Judicial Watch president Tom Fitton appeared on Fox News that night and stated that the Justice Department said there were no hearings for the Page application,[58] but did not mention that the DOJ said this was "typical in proceedings before the FISC."[57] The Judicial Watch story was reported as scandalous by conservative websites, such as The Gateway Pundit.[59][60] The following day, Trump tweeted about the story.[61] George Soros smearsIn October 2018, Chris Farrell of Judicial Watch stirred controversy when he appeared on Lou Dobbs' Fox Business show and used what many described as an anti-Semitic trope to suggest that the State Department was "Soros-occupied" territory. The remark echoed the anti-Semitic trope of a "Zionist-occupied government" to refer to Jewish control of the U.S. government.[62][63][64] The remarks came days after bombing attempts on Soros, and the remarks were replayed on Fox Business hours after an anti-Semitic attack on a Pittsburgh synagogue which killed 11 people.[65] After widespread condemnation, Fox stated that Farrell would no longer be booked.[66][63] Farrell promoted the unsubstantiated conspiracy theory that a migrant caravan traveling through Central America towards the United States was being directed or funded by the "Soros-occupied State Department".[67] Judicial Watch had been engaged in what NPR described as a "full-throated campaign against Soros". Among other things, Judicial Watch raised money by running ads with a call to action: "Expose Soros!"[67][68] Statue removalJudicial Watch has sought remove a statue of Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa from downtown Tucson.[69] Judicial Watch said the statue "needs to go" because "Pancho Villa did great harm to people."[69] Larry Klayman lawsuitsIn September 2003, Judicial Watch founder Larry Klayman left the organization to run for the United States Senate from Florida.[70] In 2006 Klayman sued Judicial Watch and its president Tom Fitton. The lawsuit charged Fitton with misrepresentation of his academic and professional credentials upon hiring, and upon assuming his position engaged in false and misleading fund raising, misuse of donor money, failure to appoint an attorney as Chairman, failure to comply with a promised severance package to Klayman, and other actions which damaged Judicial Watch, the donors and Klayman.[71][72] The majority of Klayman's claims were dismissed, including all claims against Fitton and the other officers of the organization.[73] Judicial Watch asserted several claims against Klayman.[74] On October 14, 2009, the Court found that Klayman breached the severance agreement by failing to pay Judicial Watch, around $69,000 in un-reimbursed personal expenses.[75] In 2019, Judicial Watch obtained a $2.8 million verdict against Klayman on its claims of breaches of the severance agreement and trademark infringement.[76] In 2012, a Judicial Watch employee falsely told Orly Taitz that Klayman had been convicted of not paying child support (Klayman had been indicted, but the charges were later dismissed). Taitz then published the employee's comment on her website. Klayman sued Judicial Watch for defamation, and in 2014, a federal jury awarded Klayman $156,000 in compensatory damages and $25,000 in punitive damages.[77] In 2014, Klayman agreed to be publicly censured by the D.C. Bar. Klayman represented three individuals who had sued Judicial Watch, his former employer and client, but he failed to obtain Judicial Watch's consent to waive his conflict of interest. Klayman maintained that the bar "recognized there was no evidence of dishonesty or personal gain".[78] In June 2017, however, the discipline committee recommended that Klayman be suspended from practicing law for 90 days.[79][80] In July 2017, Freedom Watch (Klayman's successor organization to Judicial Watch) unsuccessfully sued Judicial Watch and the American Conservative Union (ACU), alleging they violated the Sherman Act by colluding to prevent Freedom Watch from participating at the ACU's Conservative Political Action Conference.[81] Peter Paul lawsuitIn 2007 former donor Peter F. Paul sued Judicial Watch, accusing it of using his name to raise more than $15 million to support his lawsuit against Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton while doing little to advance his case.[82][83][84] All of Paul's claims have been dismissed.[85] FundingJudicial Watch has an annual budget of about $35 million.[86] Between 1997 and 2002 Judicial Watch received $7,069,500 in 19 grants from a handful of foundations. The bulk of this funding came from three foundations: the Sarah Scaife Foundation, a funder of politically conservative causes;[87] The Carthage Foundation, which merged into the Sarah Scaife Foundation in 2014;[88] and the John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.,{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} another conservative foundation which folded in 2005.[89] As of 2010, the Sarah Scaife Foundation was the group's largest contributor.[90] Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2018/03/19/rep-gaetz-calls-mccabe-firing-wholly-justified/|title=Rep. Gaetz calls McCabe firing ‘wholly justified’|first=Alex|last=Leary|website=tampabay.com}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/03/05/judicial-watch-sues-doj-for-bruce-and-nellie-ohr-records-related-to-fusion-gps-anti-trump-dossier.html|title=Judicial Watch sues DOJ for Bruce and Nellie Ohr records related to Fusion GPS, anti-Trump dossier|first=Brooke|last=Singman|date=March 5, 2018|website=foxnews.com}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Fitton|first=Tom|date=2014|title=The Corruption Chronicles|isbn=978-1-4767-6705-5|publisher=Threshold Editions|pages=16}} 4. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.mediatransparency.org/scaifeaggregate.php | title = Recipients by amounts granted by all Scaife foundations | work = Media Transparency | accessdate = June 2, 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070608130352/http://www.mediatransparency.org/scaifeaggregate.php | archivedate = June 8, 2007 | df = }} 5. ^{{cite news | title = Pursuing Clinton Suits Him Just Fine | publisher = Washington Post | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/klayman053098.htm | author = Segal, David | page = A01 | date = May 30, 1998 | accessdate = June 2, 2007 }} 6. ^[https://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript_klayman.html Bill Moyers Interview with Larry Klayman], Public Broadcasting Service, July 11, 2003. 7. ^{{cite news|title=Fraud lawsuit filed against US vice president |publisher=The Guardian |author=Mark Tran |date=July 10, 2002 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/10/usa.dickcheney }} 8. ^{{cite news|title=A Legal Watchdog Group Sues Cheney, Halliburton for Fraud |publisher=Wall Street Journal |author=Thaddeus Herrick |date=July 11, 2002 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1026329087308831160 }} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/election/article106738447.html|title=Meet the conservative group that’s driving Clinton’s email scandal|quote=Judicial Watch also sued Cheney and his former company Halliburton over alleged fraudulent accounting practices. |work=Miami Herald|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|title=Court Hearings in Clinton Email Cases Set for February |publisher=NBC News |author=Pete Williams |date=October 6, 2015 |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/court-hearings-clinton-email-cases-set-february-n439486 }} 11. ^1 {{cite news|title=Emails to hound Clinton for months |publisher=The Hill |author=Julian Hattem |date=September 24, 2015 |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/254747-emails-to-hound-clinton-for-months }} 12. ^1 {{cite news|title=Aides' email-server testimony could throw Clinton campaign a curveball |publisher=The Washington Post |author=Rosalind S. Helderman |date=February 23, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/aides-email-server-testimony-could-throw-clinton-campaign-a-curveball/2016/02/23/fdd8bbd2-da51-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html?postshare=8521456328747827&tid=ss_tw }} 13. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/30/judicial-watch-pursuing-the-clintons-like-inspector-javert-since-before-the-millennium/|title=Judicial Watch, pursuing the Clintons like Inspector Javert for two decades, scores again|last=Barbash|first=Fred|date=March 30, 2016|work=Washington Post|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 14. ^{{cite court |litigants=Judicial Watch v. United States Department of Commerce |vol=470 |reporter=F.3d |opinion=363 |pinpoint=1 |court=D.C. Circuit |date=2006 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-dc-circuit/1075869.html |accessdate=August 20, 2015 |quote=}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Sale Of Trade Mission Spots Alleged |publisher=The Washington Post|author=Edward Walsh |date=March 24, 1998|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/03/24/sale-of-trade-mission-spots-alleged/ef191d84-844b-4e81-bc9e-bd175a0366e1/ }} 16. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/election/article106738447.html|title=Meet the conservative group that’s driving Clinton’s email scandal|work=miamiherald|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lawyers-who-could-take-down-hillary-clintons-campaign|title=The Lawyers Who Could Take Down Hillary Clinton’s Campaign|publisher=The Daily Beast|date=June 20, 2016|first=Shane|last=Harris}} 18. ^1 {{cite news|title=Secret Service Must Produce Some White House Records |publisher=Bloomberg |author=Andrew Zajac |date=August 30, 2013 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-30/secret-service-must-produce-white-house-visitor-records }} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2010/03/pelosis-party-plane/|title=Pelosi's Party Plane? - FactCheck.org|date=March 4, 2010|work=FactCheck.org|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en-US}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2008/12/nancy-pelosis-personal-jet/|title=Nancy Pelosi's Personal Jet - FactCheck.org|date=December 28, 2008|work=FactCheck.org|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en-US}} 21. ^{{cite news|last=Cooper |first=Helene |title=Obama Announces Killing of Osama bin Laden |date=May 1, 2011 |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/ |work=The New York Times |accessdate=August 19, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yNEZ0PLs?url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/ |archivedate=May 2, 2011 |df= }} 22. ^{{cite news|last=Cohen |first=Kelly |title=Judicial Watch demands release of bin Laden death photographs |date=August 22, 2013|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/judicial-watch-demands-release-of-bin-laden-death-photographs/article/2534606 |publisher=The Washington Times |accessdate=August 21, 2015}} 23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/02/12/osama-bin-laden-photo-corpse/5417135/|title=Admiral: 'Destroy' photos of Osama bin Laden's corpse|newspaper=USA Today|date=February 12, 2014|first=Natalie|last=DiBlasio}} 24. ^{{cite news|last=Bender |first=Bryan |title=Judicial Watch sues National Archives over sealed Robert Kennedy records at JFK Library |date=July 12, 2013 |url=http://www.boston.com/politicalintelligence/2013/07/11/judicial-watch-sues-national-archives-over-sealed-robert-kennedy-records-jfk-library/I140e1fFqfySi2Dbk5a63N/story.html |publisher=The Boston Globe |accessdate= August 25, 2015 }} 25. ^{{cite news|title=FBI confirms Clinton probe |publisher=The Hill |author=Julian Hattem |date=February 8, 2016 |url=http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/268688-fbi-confirms-probe-clinton-probe-is-ongoing }} 26. ^{{cite news|title=FBI formally confirms its investigation of Hillary Clinton's email server |publisher=MSNBC |author=Pete Williams |date=February 8, 2016 |url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/fbi-formally-confirms-its-investigation-hillary-clintons-email-server }} 27. ^{{cite news |last=Calabresi |first=Massimo |date=2016-05-16|title=Why a Civil Case Over Emails Could Hurt Hillary Clinton More Than the FBI|url=http://time.com/4337518/hillary-clinton-emails-judicial-watch-civil-lawsuit/|work=TIME |location=|access-date=2018-02-20}} 28. ^{{cite news|title=Second judge grants discovery in Clinton email lawsuit |publisher=Politico |author=Josh Gerstein |date=March 29, 2016 |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/03/hillary-clinton-email-discovery-221338 }} 29. ^{{cite news|title=Classified emails from Huma Abedin found on Anthony Weiner’s laptop |publisher=Atlanta Journal Constitution |author=Shelby Lin Erdman |date=December 29, 2017 |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/national/classified-emails-from-huma-abedin-found-anthony-weiner-laptop/eSsx0ryzKMyDUz119tLeQM/ }} 30. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2013/jul/12/judicial-watch/judicial-watch-says-department-justice-unit-organi/|title=Judicial Watch says Department of Justice unit organized protests against George Zimmerman|work=@politifact|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en}} 31. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/04/24/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-belle-gibson-isis-in-mexico-and-insane-weather-news/|title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Belle Gibson, ISIS in Mexico and insane weather news|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=April 24, 2015|work=Washington Post|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 32. ^{{Cite 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millions|last=Boburg|first=Shawn|date=April 9, 2017|work=Washington Post|access-date=December 25, 2017|last2=Jr|first2=Robert O'Harrow|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/steve-bannon-films-movies-documentaries-trump-hollywood-214495|title=What I Learned Binge-Watching Steve Bannon’s Documentaries|work=POLITICO Magazine|access-date=December 25, 2017}} 37. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2017/06/08/breitbart-lost-90-percent-of-its-advertisers-in-two-months-whos-still-there/|title=Breitbart lost 90 percent of its advertisers in two months: Who’s still there?|last=Bhattarai|first=Abha|date=June 8, 2017|work=Washington Post|access-date=December 25, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 38. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/05/23/fox-news-retracts-controversial-story-on-seth-richs-death-and-alleged-wikileaks-contact/|title=Sean Hannity done 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February 23, 2004. 71. ^{{cite news|first=Timothy|last=Noah|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2140567/entry/0/|title=Judicial Watch v. Judicial Watch|work=Slate|date=April 28, 2006}} 72. ^United States District Court for the District of Columbia Civil Action No. 06-670 (Ckk); Larry Klayman, Plaintiff, V. Judicial Watch, Inc., et Al., Defendants; [https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2006cv0670-315 Memorandum Opinion, (December 3, 2007)]; United States District Court for the District of Columbia Civil Action No. 06-670 (Ckk); Larry Klayman, Plaintiff, V. Judicial Watch, Inc., et Al., Defendants; [https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2006cv0670-84 Memorandum Opinion, (June 25, 2009)] 73. ^Klayman v. Judicial Watch, Inc., 628 F. Supp.2d 112, 118 (D.D.C. 2009). 74. ^Klayman, 628 F. Supp. 2d at 118. 75. ^Klayman v. Judicial Watch, Inc., 661 F. Supp.2d 2, 4 (D.D.C. 2009). 76. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.law360.com/legalethics/articles/1140318/ex-judicial-watch-head-can-t-ditch-2-8m-verdict-in-tm-row|title=Ex-Judicial Watch Head Can't Ditch $2.8M Verdict In TM Row|date=March 19, 2019|work=Law360}} 77. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/06/10/larry-klayman-wins-one-against-judicial-watch/|title=Larry Klayman wins one against Judicial Watch|first=David|last=Montgomery|date=June 10, 2014|work=Washington Post}} 78. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nationallawjournal.com/legaltimes/id=1202660661736/DC-Attorney-Larry-Klayman-Agrees-to-Censure-in-Ethics-Case?mcode=0&curindex=0&back=NLJ&curpage=ALL&slreturn=20140525130723|title=D.C. Attorney Larry Klayman Agrees to Censure in Ethics Case|first=Zoe|last=Tillman|date=June 24, 2014|work=National Law Journal}} 79. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.law360.com/legalethics/articles/936678/ex-judicial-watch-atty-hit-with-sanction-recommendation|title=Ex-Judicial Watch Atty Hit With Sanction Recommendation|first=Andrew|last=Strickler|date=June 20, 2017|work=Law360}} 80. ^{{cite court|litigants=In re Klayman|court=D.C. Court of Appeals|date=June 19, 2017|url=http://www.dcbar.org/discipline/hearing_committee/HCLarryEKlayman04808.pdf}} 81. ^{{cite news|url=http://legalnewsline.com/stories/511155594-freedom-watch-inc-alleges-judicial-watch-american-conservation-union-is-restraining-trade|title=Freedom Watch Inc. alleges Judicial Watch, American Conservation Union is restraining trade|first=Louie|last=Torres|date=August 1, 2017|work=Legal NewsLine}} 82. ^Kristen Lombardi, Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy Rides Again; Hillary haters go wild over campaign finance case, Village Voice, May 17, 2005. 83. ^{{cite news |author=Ian Urbina |title=Battling the Clintons, and Each Other |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/15/politics/battling-the-clintons-and-each-other.html |quote= |newspaper=New York Times |date=March 15, 2005}} 84. ^"Former Donor To Clinton Sues Judicial Watch", Josh Gerstein, New York Sun, February 8, 2007, p.5 85. ^Paul v. Judicial Watch, Inc., Civil Action No. 07-00279 (RCL) (D.D.C. February 2, 2009) (memorandum and order granting dismissal with prejudice). 86. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/politics/judicial-watch-hillary-clinton.html|title=Group's Tactic on Hillary Clinton: Sue Her Again and Again|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2016|first=Jonathan|last=Mahler}} 87. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/2014/10/25/Scaife-related-foundations-poised-to-take-bigger-stage/stories/201410250058|title=Scaife-related foundations poised to take bigger stage|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=October 25, 2014|first=Rich|last=Lord}} 88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scaife.com/carthage.html|title=The Carthage Foundation|publisher=Scaife Foundations}} 89. ^{{cite news|title=Foundation's End The last days of John M. Olin's conservative fortune|publisher=National Review|author=John M. Miller|date=April 6, 2005|url=http://old.nationalreview.com/miller/miller200504060758.asp|accessdate=March 22, 2012}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2010-12-23/news/richard-mellon-scaife-s-cash-pays-for-judicial-watch-s-ideologically-motivated-lawsuits/|title=Richard Mellon Scaife's Cash Pays For Judicial Watch's Ideologically Motivated Lawsuits|author=Stephen Lemons|work=Phoenix New Times}} Further reading
External links{{commonscatinline}}
5 : Government watchdog groups in the United States|Political organizations in the United States|1994 establishments in the United States|Conservatism in the United States|Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. |
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