| 词条 | Italian ironclad Francesco Morosini | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Francesco Morosini was an ironclad battleship built in the 1880s and 1890s for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy). The ship, named for Francesco Morosini, the 17th-century Doge of Venice, was the second of three ships in the {{sclass-|Ruggiero di Lauria|ironclad|4}}, along with {{ship|Italian ironclad|Ruggiero di Lauria||2}} and {{ship|Italian ironclad|Andrea Doria||2}}. She was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|17|in|adj=on|0}} guns, was protected with {{convert|17.75|in|adj=on}} thick belt armor, and was capable of a top speed of {{convert|17|kn|lk=in}}. The ship's construction period was very lengthy, beginning in August 1881 and completing in February 1888. She was quickly rendered obsolescent by the new pre-dreadnought battleships being laid down, and as a result, her career was limited. She spent her career alternating between the Active and Reserve Squadrons, where she took part in training exercises each year with the rest of the fleet. The ship was stricken from the naval register in August 1909; the following month, she was expended as a target ship for experiments with torpedoes. Design{{main|Ruggiero di Lauria-class ironclad}}Francesco Morosini was {{convert|105.9|m|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|19.84|m|abbr=on}} and an average draft of {{convert|8.37|m|abbr=on}}. She displaced {{convert|9886|LT|sp=us}} normally and up to {{convert|11145|LT|sp=us|abbr=on}} at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by eight coal-fired, oval boilers. Her engines produced a top speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|10000|ihp|lk=in}}. She could steam for {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. She had a crew of 507–509 officers and men.[1]Francesco Morosini was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|17|in|abbr=on|0}} 27-caliber guns, mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette. She carried a secondary battery of two {{convert|6|in|mm|0|adj=on}} 32-cal. guns, one at the bow and the other at the stern, and four {{convert|4.7|in|abbr=on|0}} 32-cal. guns. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she carried five {{convert|14|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes submerged in the hull. She was protected by steel armor; her armored belt was {{convert|17.75|in|abbr=on|0}} thick, and her armored deck was {{convert|3|in|abbr=on|0}} thick. Her conning tower was armored with {{convert|9.8|in|abbr=on|0}} of steel plate, and the barbette had {{convert|14.2|in|abbr=on|0}} thick sides.[1]Service historyConstruction –1895Francesco Morosini was under construction for nearly eight years. She was laid down at the Venetian Arsenal on 4 December 1881 and launched on 30 July 1885. She was not completed for another four years, her construction finally being finished on 21 August 1889. Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century, her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service.[1] The year she entered service, the British began building the {{sclass-|Royal Sovereign|battleship|4}}; these ships marked a significant advance over previous types of capital ships and set the standard for future vessels, which became known as pre-dreadnought battleships. In addition, technological progress, particularly in armor production techniques—first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor—rapidly rendered older vessels like Francesco Morosini obsolete.[2]Francesco Morosini took part in the annual fleet maneuvers of 1894 in 2nd Division of the Active Squadron, along with the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Ettore Fieramosca||2}}, the torpedo cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Tripoli||2}}, and four torpedo boats.[3] She remained in the 2nd Division, which now included the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Etruria||2}} and the torpedo cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Euridice||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Calatafimi||2}}, in 1895. The squadron was based at La Spezia at the time.[4] In 1896, she cruised off Crete as the flagship of the 2nd Division, under Rear Admiral E. Gaulterio.[5] During that year's summer maneuvers, held in July 1896, Francesco Morosini continued as Gaulterio's flagship; the 2nd Division also included her sister {{ship|Italian ironclad|Andrea Doria||2}} and the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Giovanni Bausan||2}}. The 1st and 2nd Divisions of the Active Squadron were tasked with defending against a hostile fleet, simulated by older ships in reserve.[6]1897–1909Francesco Morosini deployed to Crete to served in the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Regia Marina, Imperial Russian Navy, and Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897-1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire. She took part in the squadron′s final operations when, as flagship the Italian division of the International Squadron, she departed Crete along with the British battleship {{HMS|Revenge|1892|6}} (flagship of the commander of British forces in the squadron, Rear-Admiral Gerard Noel) and the Russian armored cruiser Gerzog Edinburgski (flagship of the commander of the squadron′s Russian forces, Rear Admiral Nikolai Skrydlov) in steaming to Milos with the French protected cruiser Bugeaud, flagship of the International Squadron′s overall commander, Rear Admiral Édouard Pottier. At Milos, they rendezvoused with Prince George of Greece and Denmark aboard his yacht. After Prince George boarded Bugeaud on 20 December, Francesco Morosini, Revenge, and Gerzog Edinburgski escorted Bugeaud to Crete, where Prince George disembarked on 21 December 1898 to take office as the High Commissioner of an autonomous Cretan State under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, bringing the Cretan uprising to an end.[7]In 1898, Francesco Morosini was transferred to the Reserve Squadron, along with Ruggiero di Lauria and the ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Lepanto||2}} and five cruisers.[8] The In 1899, Francesco Morosini and her two sisters returned to the Active Squadron, which was kept in service for eight months of the year, with the remainder spent with reduced crews. The squadron also included the ironclads {{ship|Italian ironclad|Re Umberto||2}}, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Sicilia||2}}, and Lepanto.[9] In 1900, Francesco Morosini and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats. These included a pair of {{convert|75|mm|abbr=on}} guns, ten {{convert|57|mm|abbr=on}} 40-caliber guns, twelve {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} guns, five 37 mm revolver cannon, and two machine guns.[1] In 1905, Francesco Morosini and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three {{sclass-|Re Umberto|ironclad|1}}s and {{ship|Italian ironclad|Enrico Dandolo||2}}, three cruisers, and sixteen torpedo boats. This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers, and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews.[10] In 1908, the Italian Navy decided to discard Francesco Morosini and her sister Ruggiero di Lauria.[11] She was formally stricken from the naval register in August 1909, and was thereafter used as a target ship for a torpedo experiment. On 15 September, she was sunk at La Spezia; the experiment was conducted to test the effect of a torpedo hit in order to develop more a more effective hull design. The explosion tore a {{convert|50|m2|adj=on|sp=us}} hole in the hull, causing her to list severely and sink on her side. Her wreck was later scrapped.[12][13] Notes{{Portal|Battleships}}1. ^1 2 3 Gardiner, p. 342 2. ^Sondhaus, pp. 107–108, 111 3. ^"Naval and Military Notes – Italy", p. 564 4. ^Garbett 1895, pp. 89–90 5. ^Robinson, pp. 184–185 6. ^"The Italian Manoeuvres", pp. 131–132 7. ^Clowes, pp. 444–448 8. ^Garbett 1898, p. 200 9. ^Brassey 1899, p. 72 10. ^Brassey (1905), p. 45 11. ^Brassey (1908), p. 31 12. ^"Torpedo Experiments Against the 'Francesco Morosini'", pp. 304–305 13. ^Gardiner & Gray, p. 256 References
5 : Ruggiero di Lauria-class battleships|1885 ships|Ships built in Venice|Maritime incidents in 1909|Ships sunk as targets |
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