| 词条 | Italian ironclad Italia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Italia was an Italian ironclad battleship build for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy), the lead ship of the {{sclass-|Italia|ironclad|4}}. She and her single sister ship, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Lepanto||2}}, had lengthy construction times. Italia was laid down in January 1876, launched in September 1880, and completed in October 1885. She was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|17|in|abbr=on|0}} guns mounted in a central barbette and was capable of a top speed of {{convert|17.8|kn|lk=in}}. Unusually, for ships of that era, Italia had an armored deck rather than the typical belt armor. Italia spent the first two decades of her career in the Active and Reserve Squadrons, where she took part in annual training maneuvers with the rest of the fleet. She was withdrawn from service in 1905 for a significant modernization. Upon returning to service in 1909, Italia was employed as a training ship. During the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, the ship provided fire support to Italian troops defending Tripoli in Libya. She was used as a floating battery at Brindisi after Italy entered World War I in 1915. The ship was rebuilt as a grain carrier in December 1917 – June 1918. Italia served in this capacity for only a short time, being stricken in November 1921 and then scrapped. Design{{main|Italia-class ironclad}}Italia was {{convert|124.7|m|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|22.54|m|abbr=on}} and an average draft of {{convert|8.75|m|abbr=on}}. She displaced {{convert|13678|LT|sp=us}} normally and up to {{convert|15407|LT|sp=us|abbr=on}} at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of four compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by eight coal-fired, oval boilers and sixteen fire-tube boilers. Her engines produced a top speed of {{convert|17.8|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|11986|ihp|lk=in}}. She could steam for {{convert|5000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. She had a crew of 669–701 officers and men.[1]Italia was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|17|in|abbr=on|0}} guns, mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette. Three guns were 26-caliber guns, while the fourth was a slightly longer 27-caliber version. She carried a secondary battery of seven {{convert|5.9|in|abbr=on|0}} 26-caliber guns and four {{convert|4.7|in|abbr=on|0}} 23-caliber guns. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she carried four {{convert|14|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes. Unlike other ships built at the time, Italia dispensed with vertical belt armor. Her designer, Benedetto Brin, believed that contemporary steel alloys could not effectively defeat armor-piercing shells of the day, and so he discarded it completely. Italia was instead protected by an armored deck that was {{convert|4|in|abbr=on|0}} thick. Her conning tower was armored with 4 in of steel plate. The barbette had {{convert|19|in|abbr=on|0}} of steel armor.[1]Service historyConstruction – 1902Italia was under construction for nearly 10 years.[2] She was laid down at Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard on 3 January 1876, originally under the name Stella D'Italia. She then spent over four-and-a-half years on the building ways and was launched on 29 September 1880. She was not completed for another five years, her construction finally being finished on 16 October 1885. She nonetheless was completed 22 months before her sister Lepanto, which took almost 11 years to build. After Italia was completed, several smaller caliber guns were added, including two {{convert|75|mm|abbr=on}} guns, twelve {{convert|57|mm|abbr=on}} 40-caliber guns, twelve {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} revolver cannon, and two machine guns.[1]Italia took part in the annual 1888 fleet maneuvers, along with the ironclads {{ship|Italian ironclad|Caio Duilio||2}}, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Lepanto||2}}, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Enrico Dandolo||2}}, and {{ship|Italian ironclad|San Martino||2}}, a protected cruiser, four torpedo cruisers, and numerous smaller vessels. The maneuvers consisted of close-order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia. Later that year, the ship was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy.[3] Italia served as the flagship of the 2nd Division of the Active Squadron during the 1893 fleet maneuvers, along with the ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Andrea Doria||2}}, the torpedo cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Iride||2}}, and four torpedo boats. During the maneuvers, which lasted from 6 August to 5 September, the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet.[4]In 1895, Italia and Lepanto were assigned to the Reserve Squadron, along with the ironclads {{ship|Italian ironclad|Ruggiero di Lauria||2}} and {{ship|Italian ironclad|Re Umberto||2}}.[5] Italia was not assigned to either the Active or Reserve Squadrons in 1898, though she took part in the annual fleet maneuvers that year.[6] In the early 1890s, the Italian Navy considered rebuilding Italia along the same lines as Enrico Dandolo,[9] which had received new, quick-firing {{convert|10|in|adj=on}} guns in place of her slow 17-inch guns.[7] Italia and her sister were to have their guns replaced with new {{convert|13.4|in|adj=on}} guns,[8] but by 1902 this plan had been abandoned as too costly.[9] 1905–1921In 1905, Italia went into drydock for a major reconstruction that lasted into 1908. Her six funnels were reduced to four, and a second mast was erected. One of her 5.9 in guns, six of the 57 mm guns, and eight of the 37 mm revolver cannon were removed. After returning to service in 1909, she served as a torpedo training ship; she served in this capacity through 1910.[1] At the start of the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, Italia was assigned to the 5th Division of the Italian fleet, along with her sister Lepanto and Enrico Dandolo.[10] In December 1911, Italia and Lepanto were sent to Tripoli, replacing the three {{sclass-|Re Umberto|ironclad|1}}s, to support the Italian garrison that had captured the city. The two ships were sent in large part because the Italian Navy had a large stockpile of 17 in shells.[11] She was employed as a training ship for petty officers in 1912, and by 1914 she was stationed in Taranto as a guard ship. Italia was laid up on 1 June 1914 and stricken from the naval register three days later. Despite having all of her secondary guns removed, the ship was towed to Brindisi on 20 April 1915, shortly before Italy entered World War I, to defend the harbor. She was formally returned to the naval register on 23 May, the day Italy declared war on Austria Hungary, and was recommissioned on 1 June as a "first class auxiliary". She remained at Brindisi until 16 December 1917, when she was taken to La Spezia for conversion into a grain carrier, retaining only two of her 4.7 in guns. She was transferred initially to the Ministry of Transport on 1 June but was quickly reassigned to the State Railways on 27 July 1919. She remained there briefly, returning to the Navy on 13 January 1921. Italia was finally stricken on 16 November 1921 and subsequently broken up for scrap.[1][12] Notes{{commonscat|Italia (ship, 1885)}}{{Portal|Battleships}}1. ^1 2 3 4 Gardiner, p. 341 2. ^In comparison, the preceding ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Caio Duilio||2}} took only seven years to build, and the subsequent ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Ruggiero di Lauria||2}} took less than six and a half years. See Gardiner, pp. 340–342 3. ^Brassey 1889, p. 453 4. ^Clarke & Thursfield, pp. 202–203 5. ^Brassey 1896, p. 65 6. ^Garbett 1898, pp. 200–201 7. ^Gardiner, pp. 340–341 8. ^1 "Italy", p. 46 9. ^Garbett 1902, p. 1076 10. ^Beehler, p. 10 11. ^Beehler, p. 47 12. ^Gardiner & Gray, p. 255 References
4 : Italia-class battleships|World War I battleships of Italy|1880 ships|Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia |
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