| 词条 | Julia Livilla |
| 释义 |
| name = Julia Livilla | image = Bust of Livilla - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg | caption = Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus | image_size = 200px | spouse = Marcus Vinicius | father = Germanicus | mother = Agrippina the Elder | birth_date = AD 18 | birth_place = Lesbos, Greece | death_date = late AD 41/early AD 42 (aged 23 or 24) | death_place = Pandataria | place of burial = Pandataria, later the Mausoleum of Augustus }} Julia Livilla (Classical Latin: IVLIA•LIVILLA,[1] also called IVLIA•GERMANICI•CAESARIS•FILIA[2][3][4] or LIVILLA•GERMANICI•CAESARIS•FILIA[5]) (early AD 18 - late AD 41 or early AD 42) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and the youngest sister of the Emperor Caligula. She is sometimes known as "Lesbia" for her birthplace. LifeJulia Livilla was the youngest great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus, great-niece and adoptive granddaughter of the Emperor Tiberius, sister of the Emperor Caligula, niece of the Emperor Claudius, and through her eldest sister Agrippina the Younger, maternal aunt of the Emperor Nero. In most ancient literary sources, on inscriptions and on coins, she is simply called "Julia". It is possible that she dropped the use of her cognomen after the damnatio memoriae of her paternal aunt Livilla (sister of Germanicus and Claudius) after whom she was named. However, on her sepulchral inscription, she is explicitly named "Livilla, daughter of Germanicus",[5] which suggests that in her time she was called either "Julia" or "Livilla". She was born on Lesbos, one of the many Greek islands during her parents' grand tour of the eastern Mediterranean, leading Germanicus to his command base in the imperial province of Syria for the maius imperium given to him by Tiberius over the territory east of the Adriatic Sea. As a young child, she was with her mother and brother Caligula when they returned to Rome after Germanicus' untimely death in Antioch in 19 CE. Julia Livilla grew up in the household of her great-grandmother Livia and later under the care of her paternal grandmother Antonia Minor. She was first betrothed to a distant cousin, Quinctilius Varus, son of the ill-fated governor of Germania, Publius Quinctilius Varus, and of Claudia Pulchra, granddaughter of Octavia the Younger, sister of Augustus,[6] but after Quinctillius was charged of maiestas in 27, the marriage did not occur. In 33, she married Marcus Vinicius. Vinicius' family came from a small town outside of Rome. He descended from a family of the equites class and his father and grandfather had served as consuls. Her husband was mild in character and was an elaborate orator. Vinicius was appointed by Tiberius as a commissioner in early 37. He was also consul in 30 and proconsul of Asia in 38/39. According to an inscription, Julia Livilla may have accompanied her husband in Asia during his proconsulship.[7] In 39, Livilla was involved in an unsuccessful conspiracy (led perhaps by Agrippina) to overthrow Caligula and to replace him by his brother-in-law Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Drusilla's widower, but also lover of Agrippina and Livilla). Livilla and her sister Agrippina the Younger were banished to the Pontine Islands (they were most likely separated in their exile and each one sent to a different island). After the deaths of Caligula, his fourth wife Milonia Caesonia, and their daughter Julia Drusilla, she returned from exile on the orders of the new emperor, Livilla's paternal uncle Claudius. Later in 41, she fell out of favour with Messalina (Claudius's third wife) and was charged by her paternal uncle Claudius for having adultery with Seneca the Younger. Both were exiled. She was most likely sent to Ventotene.[11] Political considerations may have played a role in Julia Livilla's fate, more than just moral or domestic preoccupations as inferred in the ancient sources. In late 41 or early 42, her uncle ordered her execution, apparently by starvation, without a defense and on unsupported charges. She was executed around the same time as her cousin Julia Livia, the daughter of her aunt Livilla. Her remains were later brought back to Rome, probably when Agrippina became Empress; they were laid to rest in the Mausoleum of Augustus.[11] The sepulchral inscription found on her cippus reads: "Livilla, daughter of Germanicus, lies here" (LIVILLA GERMANICI CAESARIS FILIA HIC SITA EST).[5] A rich and precious vase found near this cippus is believed to have contained Livilla's ashes.[12] Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Julia Livilla |2= 2. Germanicus |3= 3. Agrippina the Elder |4= 4. Nero Claudius Drusus |5= 5. Antonia Minor |6= 6. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa |7= 7. Julia the Elder |8= 8. Tiberius Claudius Nero |9= 9. Livia Drusilla |10= 10. Mark Antony |11= 11. Octavia Minor |12= 12. Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa |13= |14= 14. Augustus |15= 15. Scribonia |16= 16. Drusus Claudius Nero I |17= 17. Claudia |18= 18. Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus |19= 19. Aufidia |20= 20. Marcus Antonius Creticus |21= 21. Julia Antonia |22= 22. Gaius Octavius |23= 23. Atia Balba Caesonia |24= |25= |26= |27= |28= 28. (=22.) Gaius Octavius |29= 29. (=23.) Atia Balba Caesonia |30= 30. Lucius Scribonius Libo |31= 31. Sentia }} PortraitureA series of portrait heads, usually known as the Leptis-Malta type, has been identified as Livilla.[13] In literature
Appearance in mediaIn the 1968 British television series The Caesars Julia Livilla was portrayed by Jenny White. In the film Caligula she was played by Mirella D'Angelo. See also
Notes1. ^{{Aut|E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen - e.a.}} (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III (PIR), Berlin, 1933 - I 674 2. ^{{CIL|6|3998}} 3. ^{{CIL|6|10563}} 4. ^{{CIL|6|4362}} 5. ^1 2 {{CIL|6|891}} 6. ^Elder Seneca, Controversiae, 1.3.10 7. ^Raepsaet-Charlier, Prosopographie des femmes de l'ordre sénatorial, p. 380 8. ^Suetonius, Vita Caligulae, 15.3 9. ^Barrett, Agrippina, pp. 52-53 10. ^Suetonius, Vita Caligulae, 24 11. ^1 Barrett, Agrippina, p. 82 12. ^Massi, Compendious, p. 45 13. ^Rose, Dynastic Commemoration, nr. 21, pp. 68-69 References{{Commons category|Iulia Livilla}}Bibliography
Portraiture
Ancient
11 : 18 births|40s deaths|1st-century Romans|1st-century Roman women|Deaths by starvation|Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julii|Ancient Roman women|People from Lesbos|Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus|Incest |
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