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词条 Julian Bond
释义

  1. Early life and education

  2. Political organizing

  3. Career

      In politics    In activism    Other political views    Work and appearances in media  

  4. Personal life and death

  5. Awards and honors

  6. Bibliography

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox officeholder
| image = BondbyMontesbradley.jpg
| caption =
| state_house3 = Georgia
| district3 = 32
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = Mildred Glover[1]
| term_start3 = 1967
| term_end3 = 1974
| state_senate2 = Georgia
| district2 = 39th
| term_start2 = 1975
| term_end2 = 1987
| predecessor2 = Horace T. Ward[2]
| successor2 = Hildred W. Shumake[3]
| office= Chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 2010
| predecessor = Myrlie Evers-Williams
| successor = Roslyn Brock
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|01|14}}
| birth_place = Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age |2015|08|15|1940|01|14}}
| death_place = Fort Walton Beach, Florida, U.S.
| birthname = Horace Julian Bond
| party = Democratic
| education = George School
| alma_mater = Morehouse College
(BA, English, 1971)
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage |Alice Clopton
|July 1961|1989|end=divorced}}|{{marriage |Pamela Sue Horowitz |1990}}}}
| children = 5
}}

Horace Julian Bond (January 14, 1940 – August 15, 2015) was an American social activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement, politician, professor and writer. While a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, during the early 1960s, he helped to establish the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In 1971 he helped found the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama, and served as its first president for nearly a decade.

Bond was elected to four terms in the Georgia House of Representatives and later to six terms in the Georgia State Senate, serving a combined twenty years in both legislative chambers. From 1998 to 2010, he was chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Early life and education

Bond was born at Hubbard Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, to parents Julia Agnes (Washington) and Horace Mann Bond. His father was an educator who later served as the president of Lincoln University, a historically black university in Pennsylvania.[4][5] His mother, Julia, was a former librarian at Clark Atlanta University.[6]

The family resided on campus at Fort Valley State College, where Horace was president. The house of the Bonds was a frequent stop for scholars, activists, and celebrities passing through, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson.

In 1945, Bond's father accepted the position of president of Lincoln University—becoming its first African-American president—and the family moved North.[7] In 1957, Bond graduated from George School, a private Quaker preparatory boarding school near Newtown in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.[8]

Political organizing

On April 17, 1960, Bond helped co-found the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).[9] He served as the communications director of SNCC from January 1961 to September 1966, when he traveled around Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas, to help organize civil rights and voter registration drives. Bond left Morehouse College in 1961 to work on civil rights in the south.[10] From 1960 to 1963, Bond led student protests against segregation in public facilities and the other Jim Crow laws of Georgia.[11]

Bond returned to Morehouse College in 1971, then aged 31, to complete his Bachelor of Arts in English.[12] With Morris Dees, Bond helped found the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), a public-interest law firm based in Montgomery, Alabama.[13] Bond served as its president from 1971 until 1979.[14] Bond was an emeritus member of the Southern Poverty Law Center board of directors at time of his death in 2015.[15] Bond also advocated for Africans in Europe.[16]

Career

In politics

In 1965, Bond was one of eleven African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 had opened voter registration to blacks. By ending the disfranchisement of blacks through discriminatory voter registration, African Americans regained the ability to vote and entered the political process.[17] Although he was initially undecided about his party affiliation, Bond ultimately ran and was elected as a Democrat, the party of President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law.[18] On January 10, 1966, Georgia state representatives voted 184–12 not to seat him, because he had publicly endorsed SNCC's policy regarding opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War.[19] They disliked his stated sympathy for persons who were "unwilling to respond to a military draft".[20] A three-judge panel on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in a 2–1 decision that the Georgia House had not violated any of Bond's constitutional rights. In 1966, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 9–0 in the case of Bond v. Floyd (385 U.S. 116) that the Georgia House of Representatives had denied Bond his freedom of speech and was required to seat him. From 1967 to 1975, Bond was elected to four terms in the Georgia House, where he organized the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus.[21]

In January 1967, Bond was among eleven House members who refused to vote when the legislature elected segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox of Atlanta as governor of Georgia over the Republican Bo Callaway. Callaway had led in the 1966 general election by some three thousand votes. The choice fell on state lawmakers under the Georgia Constitution of 1824, because neither major party candidate had polled a majority in the general election. Former Governor Ellis Arnall polled more than fifty thousand votes as a write-in candidate, a factor which led to the impasse. Bond would not support either Maddox or Callaway, although he was ordered to vote by lame duck Lieutenant Governor Peter Zack Geer.[22]

Throughout his House career, Bond's district was repeatedly redistricted:

  • 1967–1969: 136th[23]
  • 1969–1973: 111th[24]
  • 1973–1974: 32nd[25] Bond went on to be elected for six terms in the Georgia Senate, in which he served from 1975 to 1987.[26]

During the 1968 presidential election, Bond led an alternate delegation from Georgia to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, where he became the first African American to have his name entered into nomination as a major-party candidate for Vice President of the United States. The 28-year-old Bond quickly declined the nod, citing the constitutional requirement that one must be at least 35 years of age to serve in that office.[27][28]

Bond ran for the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 5th congressional district in 1986. He lost the Democratic nomination in a runoff to rival civil rights leader John Lewis in a bitter contest,[29] during which Bond was accused of using cocaine and other drugs.[30] During the campaign, Lewis challenged Bond to take a drug test (Lewis had said he took one and passed). Bond refused, saying the drug test was akin to McCarthyism and trivializes the issue of drugs.[31] While Bond had raised twice as much money as Lewis and had a larger national reputation, Lewis cast himself as the man on the front lines of the Civil Rights Movement and ran up large margins over Bond among white liberals in Atlanta.[32] As the district had a huge Democratic majority, the nomination delivered the seat to Lewis, who still serves in Congress. Still dogged by allegations of drug use, Bond resigned from the Georgia Senate the following year.[33][34] Bond's estranged wife, Alice, who publicly accused him of using cocaine, later retracted her statements.[28]

After leaving politics, Bond taught at several universities in major cities in the North and South, including American,[35] Drexel,[36] and Harvard.[37] Bond taught the history of the civil rights movement at the University of Virginia from 1990 to 2012. While there he had the chance to share his experiences of the movement with thousands of students through stories, newsreels, music, and film.[38] Bond was on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service.[39]

In activism

Bond became the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center[40] in 1971. He served until 1979, remaining a board member and president emeritus for the rest of his life.[41] In 1998, Bond was selected as chairman of the NAACP. Bond once referred to leading the NAACP as "the most powerful job a Black man can have in America."[42] In November 2008, he announced that he would not seek another term as chairman.[43] Bond agreed to stay on in the position through 2009, as the organization celebrated its 100th anniversary. Roslyn M. Brock was chosen as Bond's successor on February 20, 2010.[44]

Bond was an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians. He publicly stated his support for same-sex marriage. Most notably, he boycotted the funeral services for Coretta Scott King on the grounds that the King children had chosen an anti-gay megachurch as the venue. This was in conflict with their mother's longstanding support for the rights of gay and lesbian people.[45] In a 2005 speech in Richmond, Virginia, Bond stated:

African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries, but we were far from the only Americans suffering discrimination then and now ... Sexual disposition parallels race. I was born this way. I have no choice. I wouldn't change it if I could. Sexuality is unchangeable.[46]

In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at Clayton State University in Morrow, Georgia, Bond said, "If you don't like gay marriage, don't get gay married." His positions pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in the Civil Rights Movement who oppose gay marriage. Most resistance came from within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which was partially blamed for the success of the gay marriage ban amendment in California.[47] On October 11, 2009, Bond appeared at the National Equality March in Washington, D.C., and spoke about the rights of the LGBT community, a speech which was aired live on C-SPAN.[48][49] Bond was a strong critic of policies that contribute to anthropogenic climate change and was amongst a group of protesters arrested at the White House for civil disobedience in opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline in February 2013.[50]

Other political views

Bond was a strong critic of the Bush administration from its assumption of office in 2001, in large part because Bond believed the administration was illegitimate. Twice that year, first in February to the NAACP board and then in July at that organization's national convention, he attacked the administration for selecting Cabinet secretaries "from the Taliban wing of American politics". Bond specifically targeted Attorney General John Ashcroft, who had opposed affirmative action, and Interior Secretary Gale Norton, who defended the Confederacy in a 1996 speech on states' rights. In the selection of these individuals, Bond said, Bush had appeased "the wretched appetites of the extreme right wing and chosen Cabinet officials whose devotion to the Confederacy is nearly canine in its uncritical affection". The then House Majority Leader Dick Armey responded to Bond's statement with a letter accusing NAACP leaders of "racial McCarthyism".[51] Bond later added at the annual NAACP convention that year, that since Bush's election he had "had his picture taken with more black people than voted for him."[51]

On May 14, 2013, while appearing on MSNBC, Bond called the Tea Party the "Taliban wing of American politics".[52] Bond told MSNBC, "I think it's entirely legitimate to look at the Tea Party." But he also said, "It was wrong for the IRS to behave in this heavy-handed manner. They didn't explain it well before or now what they're doing and why they're doing it." He called Tea Party members "a group of people who are admittedly racist, who are overtly political, who've tried as best as they can to harm President Obama in every way they can". He added, "We all ought to be a little worried about them."[52]

Work and appearances in media

Bond hosted Saturday Night Live on April 9, 1977, becoming the first black political figure to host the television show. In the same year, he also appeared in the Richard Pryor vehicle Greased Lightning. In 1978, Bond played himself in the miniseries King.[57] He also had a small appearance playing himself in the movie Ray (2004).[58]In addition to another small appearance in which he played himself in the movie 5-7 (2014).

Personal life and death

On July 28, 1961, Bond married Alice Clopton, a student at Spelman College; they divorced on November 10, 1989. They had five children: Phyllis Jane Bond-McMillan, Horace Mann Bond II, Michael Julian Bond (an Atlanta City Councilman), Jeffrey Alvin Bond and Julia Louise Bond. He married Pamela Sue Horowitz, a former SPLC staff attorney, in 1990.[59] Bond died from complications of vascular disease on August 15, 2015, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, aged 75. He is survived by his wife, his five children, James (a brother), Jane Bond Moore (a sister) and eight grandchildren.[41]

Awards and honors

  • 2002, he was a recipient of the National Freedom Award, from the National Civil Rights Museum.[60]
  • 2006, he was awarded the National Leadership Award, from the National LGBTQ Task Force
  • 2009, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal, from the NAACP.[61]

Among 25 honorary degrees, he was awarded:[62]

  • 1999, an honorary LL.D. from Bates College.
  • 2008, an honorary degree from George Washington University. Bond was also the 2008 Commencement Keynote Speaker.[63]
  • 2009, an honorary L.H.D. from Macalester College.
  • 2015, an honorary L.H.D. from Skidmore College.

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |title=Black Candidates: Southern Campaign Experiences |first=Julian |last=Bond |location=Atlanta |publisher=Voter Education Project |year=1969 |asin=B0007GSIKG}}
  • {{cite book |title=A Time to Speak, A Time to Act |first=Julian |last=Bond |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0671213459}}
  • {{cite book |title=Gonna Sit at the Welcome Table |first1=Julian |last1=Bond |first2=Andrew |last2=Lewis |publisher=American Heritage |year=1995 |isbn=978-0828106399}}
  • {{cite book |title=Lift Every Voice and Sing: A Celebration of the Negro National Anthem; 100 Years, 100 Voices |editor1-first=Julian |editor1-last=Bond |editor2-first=Sondra Kathryn |editor2-last=Wilson |location=New York |publisher=Random House |year=2000 |isbn=978-0679463153}}
  • Nationally syndicated column Viewpoint.
  • Poems and articles have appeared in a list of national magazines and newspapers.
  • Julian Bond's papers reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia.

See also

  • List of civil rights leaders

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Members of Georgia House of Representatives alphabetically arranged according to names, with districts and post offices for the term 1974–1975|work=Acts and resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia|url=http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=357672973|volume=1|year=1974|page=2019|publisher=Georgia Legislature}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Members of the Senate of Georgia by Districts in Numerical Order and Post Offices for the Term 1973–1974|url=http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=347539990|work=Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia|year=1973|volume=1|page=1671}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Members of Georgia House of Representatives for the term 1987–1988 by districts and addresses|url=http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=480518459|work=Acts and resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia|publisher=Georgia Legislature|page=CLXXIV}}
4. ^Montes-Bradley, Eduardo."Julian Bond: Reflections from the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement". Heritage Film Project, 2012. Alexander Street Press, 2013.
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.uapress.ua.edu/product/Negro-Education-in-Alabama,679.aspx | title =Negro Education in Alabama | publisher =University of Alabama Press}}
6. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp--mourns-loss-of-julia-washington-bond | title =NAACP Mourns Loss of Julia Washington Bond | author =National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | publisher =naacp.org | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131001155545/http://www.naacp.org/press/entry/naacp--mourns-loss-of-julia-washington-bond | archivedate =October 1, 2013 | df =mdy-all }}
7. ^Denise M. Jordan. Julian Bond, Enslow Publishers, Inc., Chapter II. P. 11,12,13.
8. ^Montes-Bradley, Eduardo, "Julian Bond: Reflections from the Civil Rights Movement". Filmakers Library. 2012 New York, USA.
9. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126021836 | title =Founder Julian Bond Remembers 50 Years of SNCC | publisher =NPR | date =April 15, 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web | url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-sc/viu00259.xml | title =A Guide to the Papers of Julian Bond, 1897–2006 | publisher =University of Virginia | year =2007}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/preview/pages/julian-bond|title=Board Member: Julian Bond|publisher=NAACP|accessdate=August 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822015928/http://www.naacp.org/preview/pages/julian-bond|archivedate=August 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web | url =http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Bond__Julian.html | title =Julian Bond – The Pennsylvania Center for the Book | author =Jared Yeskey | author2 =Pennsylvania State University | publisher =psu.edu | year =2005 | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20130515191045/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Bond__Julian.html | archivedate =May 15, 2013 | df =mdy-all }}
13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.lsu.edu/departments/mlk/speaker.htm | title =Louisiana State University Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Commemorative Collaboration | publisher =Louisiana State University | date =November 14, 2013}}
14. ^{{cite web | url =http://south.unc.edu/2013/10/15/4768/ | title =Julian Bond to Deliver 2013 Charleston Lecture | author =Emily Wallace | author2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | publisher =unc.edu | date =October 15, 2013 | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140109235052/http://south.unc.edu/2013/10/15/4768/ | archivedate =January 9, 2014 | df =mdy-all }}
15. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.splcenter.org/who-we-are/board-of-directors | title =Board of Directors | author =Southern Poverty Law Center | publisher =splcenter.org}}
16. ^{{cite news |title=Longtime U.S. civil rights campaigner Julian Bond dead at 75 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/17/world/longtime-u-s-civil-rights-campaigner-julian-bond-dead-75/#.XEv9Yy2B3RY |accessdate=26 January 2019 |work=The Japan Times Online |date=17 August 2015}}
17. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owfkLL-gvXAC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=julian+bond+one+of+eight+african+americans+elected+to+the+georgia+house+1965&source=bl&ots=OJqKWI3dpf&sig=u7CcxbqWaHvuuNvhLC8vH6mqLaE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OGyEUsrfCueCyAHykYHoDw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=julian%20bond%20one%20of%20eight%20african%20americans%20elected%20to%20the%20georgia%20house%201965&f=false | title =Democracy Restored: A History of the Georgia State Capitol | author =Timothy Crimmins, Anne H. Farrisee | author2 =University of Georgia Press | isbn =978-0820329116 | pages =140–144 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2007}}
18. ^Yes We Did?: From King's Dream to Obama's Promise (2009) by Cynthia Griggs Fleming, {{ISBN|978-0813141060}}
19. ^{{cite web | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19660208&id=NuotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pzEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5574,3975793 | title =Julian Bond Only Candidate For Vacant Post | agency =Associated Press | publisher =Rome News-Tribune | date =February 6, 1966}}
20. ^The World Almanac 1967, pp. 54–55.
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/news/local/photo-vault-bond-denied-seat-in-state-house-triump/njhRj/|title=Photo Vault: Bond denied seat in state House, triumphs a year later|date=January 7, 2015|accessdate=August 16, 2015|work=Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}
22. ^Billy Hathorn, "The Frustration of Opportunity: Georgia Republicans and the Election of 1966", A Journal of Georgia and the South, XXXI (Winter 1987–1988), p. 47.
23. ^Acts and resolutions, 1967, 1968
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=306491491|title=wrap.cgi Error|work=uga.edu|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/legis-idx.pl?sessionid=ae3209bc-778f764566-3062&type=backdiv&byte=337841181|title=wrap.cgi Error|work=uga.edu|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://wws.princeton.edu/news-and-events/archives/videos/item/conversation-civil-rights-icon-julian-bond|title=A Conversation with Civil Rights Icon, Julian Bond|publisher=Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs|accessdate=August 16, 2015|date=November 20, 2012}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=http://blog.chron.com/40yearsafter/2008/08/the-whole-world-was-watching-chicago-1968-part-4/|work=The Houston Chronicle|date=August 30, 2008|accessdate=August 16, 2008|title=The Whole World Was Watching – Chicago 1968, Part 4|first=Rick|last=Campbell}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite news|publisher = CNN|title = Julian Bond Fast Facts|date = January 13, 2015}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html|title=Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff|first=Dudley|last=Clendinen|work=The New York Times|date=September 3, 1986|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
30. ^{{cite journal |year=1987 |journal=Jet |title=Julian Bond's Wife Accuses Him of Using Drugs Daily; She Later Recants Story |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=54–55 |issn=0021-5996}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-04-15/news/26194978_1_drug-charges-cocaine-abuse-problem-julian-bond|title=Julian Bond Says He Never Used Cocaine, Blames Wife's Charges on Domestic Rift|author=Timothy Dwyer|work=philly-archives|date=April 15, 1987|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
32. ^{{cite news|last1=Clendinen|first1=Dudley|title=Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html|accessdate=August 16, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=September 3, 1986|ref=Ex-Colleague Upsets Bond}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/259806/former-naacp-chairman-julian-bond-dead-at-75/|title=Former NAACP chairman Julian Bond dead at 75|first=Jordan|last=Freiman|work=Death and Taxes|date=August 16, 2015|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-04-19/news/26196475_1_julian-bond-scavengers-and-gossip-mongers-alice-bond|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|title=The Once Shining Star of Julian Bond Dims Even More in Cocaine Scandal|date=April 19, 1987|accessdate=August 16, 2015|first=Fred|last=Grimm}}
35. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.american.edu/spa/faculty/hjb7g.cfm|title=Julian Bond|publisher=American University|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=https://wagner.edu/newsroom/civil-rights-leader-julian-bond-to-speak-at-commencement/|title= Civil rights leader Julian Bond to speak at commencement, May 23|date=May 18, 2014|accessdate=August 16, 2015|publisher=Wagner College}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.virginia.edu/user/13|publisher=Corcoran Department of History|title=Julian Bond|accessdate=August 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065102/http://history.virginia.edu/user/13|archive-date=August 19, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
38. ^{{Cite book|title = Black leaders on leadership: Conversations with Julian Bond|last = Leffler|first = Phyllis|publisher = Palgrave Macmillan|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1-137-34249-2|location = New York|pages = }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/board |title=Archived copy |accessdate= November 19, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124055949/http://www.jeffersonawards.org/board |archivedate=November 24, 2010 |df=mdy }}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/about/board-member/julian-bond|title=Julian Bond|accessdate=August 16, 2015|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}
41. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/17/us/julian-bond-former-naacp-chairman-and-civil-rights-leader-dies-at-75.html|title=Julian Bond, Former N.A.A.C.P. Chairman and Civil Rights Leader, Dies at 75|work=The New York Times|date=August 16, 2015|accessdate=August 16, 2015|first=Roy|last=Reed}}
42. ^{{Cite news|url=|title=Sen. Julian Bond Would Give Up All For NAACP Job|last=|first=|date=July 24, 1975|work=Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune|access-date=}}
43. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/18/america/NAACP-Bond.php |title=Bond won't seek re-election as NAACP Chairman |work=International Herald Tribune |date=November 18, 2008 |accessdate=November 20, 2008}}
44. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/20/naacp.leadership/index.html |title=NAACP chooses successor to Chairman Julian Bond |publisher=CNN |date=February 20, 2010 |accessdate=February 20, 2010}}
45. ^Black Voices Q&A 09/25/06.
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.washblade.com/2005/4-8/news/localnews/naacp.cfm |title=NAACP chair says 'gay rights are civil rights' |work=Washington Blade |date=April 8, 2004 |accessdate=September 24, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060321202124/http://www.washblade.com/2005/4-8/news/localnews/naacp.cfm |archivedate = March 21, 2006}}
47. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/us/11gay.html |title=Civil Rights Group Divided Over Gay Marriage |work=The New York Times |date=July 10, 2009 |accessdate=February 21, 2014 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215058/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/us/11gay.html?_r=0 |archivedate = February 21, 2014 |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer}}
48. ^[https://archive.today/20091026001443/http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=columnists&sc=holding_the_center&id=97618 Street vs. suite] by Richard J. Rosendall. October 13, 2009. Bay Windows
49. ^C-Span archive {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229032434/http://www.c-spanarchives.org/program/289403-1 |date=February 29, 2012 }}
50. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/activists-arrested-at-white-house-protesting-keystone-pipeline/2013/02/13/8f0f1066-75fa-11e2-aa12-e6cf1d31106b_story.html |title=Activists arrested at White House protesting Keystone pipeline |first1=Juliet |last1=Eilperin |first2=Steven |last2=Mufson |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 February 2013}}
51. ^1 {{cite news|work=USA Today|title = Julian Bond: Master needler|date = July 16, 2001|last = Wickham|first = DeWayne|url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnists/wickham/2001-07-12-wickham.htm |format = Opinion|accessdate=May 7, 2007}}
52. ^1 "NAACP Chair: Tea Party Is 'Taliban Wing' Of American Politics", The Washington Free Beacon, May 14, 2013.
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/13889|title=Review of Julian Bond: Reflections from the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement|author=Timothy Hackman|publisher=Educational Media Reviews Online|year=2013|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
54. ^Schudel, Matt ,"Julian Bond, charismatic civil rights figure, dies at 75", The Washington Post, August 16, 2015.
55. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/16/us-people-julianbond-idUSKCN0QL06720150816|title=U.S. civil rights leader Julian Bond dies at 75|first=Richard|last=Cowan|date=August 16, 2015|accessdate=August 16, 2015|agency=Reuters}}
56. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldnews.com/article/ZZ/20150816/ENTERTAINMENT/308169998|title=Civil Rights Activist Julian Bond Has Died at 75|work=The Herald News|date=August 16, 2015|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
57. ^Epic Television Miniseries: A Critical History (2010) by John De Vito and Frank Tropea, pp. 181, {{ISBN|978-0786441495}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0093971/|publisher=Internet Movie Database|title=Julian Bond|accessdate=August 16, 2015}}
59. ^{{cite journal |date=9 April 1990 |journal=Jet |title=Julian Bond Weds D.C. Atty. Pamela Horowitz |volume=77 |issue=26 |page=14 |issn=0021-5996}}
60. ^National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Award Winners National Civil Rights Museum. 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners |title=Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today |publisher=naacp.org |accessdate=August 16, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6PLj9XvLc?url=http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners |archivedate=May 5, 2014 |df=mdy }}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/preview/pages/julian-bond|title=Board Member: Julian Bond|publisher=naacp.org|accessdate=August 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822015928/http://www.naacp.org/preview/pages/julian-bond|archivedate=August 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}
63. ^{{cite web |url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2008/03/13/News/Naacp.Chairman.Will.Speak.At.Commencement-3280172.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103044820/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2008/03/13/News/Naacp.Chairman.Will.Speak.At.Commencement-3280172.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 3, 2013 |title=NAACP chairman will speak at Commencement |work=The GW Hatchet |date=March 13, 2008 |accessdate=November 18, 2008 }}

External links

  • [https://snccdigital.org/people/julian-bond/ SNCC Digital Gateway: Julian Bond], Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150822015928/http://www.naacp.org/preview/pages/julian-bond Julian Bond] at the NAACP
  • {{IMDb name|id=0093971|name=Julian Bond}}
  • {{C-SPAN|Julian Bond}}
  • Oral History Interview with Julian Bond from Oral Histories of the American South
  • Julian Bond at the American University
  • {{Find a Grave|150809160}}
{{United States presidential election, 1968}}{{NAACP}}{{Civil rights movement}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bond, Julian}}

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