“Jaba', Haifa Subdistrict”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jaba' ({{lang-ar|جبع}}), also known as Gaba, or Geba, in historical writings, was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on July 24, 1948 as part of Operation Shoter. It was located 18.5 km south of Haifa, near Carmel, and ca. {{convert|3.25|km|mi|sp=us}} east of the Mediterranean Sea.

History

Classic era

The village features prominently in the writings of the Jewish historian, Josephus.^[9] In the late 1st century BCE, Herod the Great had built the village for his veteran cavalry, and called it the city of horsemen.^[10]^[11]

Ottoman era

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, like all of Palestine, in the 1596 tax registers, it was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Atlit, part of the larger Sanjak of Lajjun. It had a population of 18 households, all Muslims. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 7,800 akçe.^[12]^[13]

In 1859, the English Consul Rogers found the population to be 150 souls, with 18 feddans of cultivation.^[2]

In 1873, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) visited and found: “There are two closed rock tombs in the ledge south of the village, and a third with a courtyard 14 feet square, sunk 2 feet ; two doors lead into chambers. One has three loculi, one on each wall ; the other has two loculi and a recess 5 feet 6 inches, with two parallel graves under one arcosolium placed like kokim with the feet to the chamber. This is therefore a transitional example. (Compare Sheikh Ibreik.)

There are several caves north of the village, and another tomb at the head of the valley forming the recess in which the village stands."^[14]

In 1882, the SWP described it: "A small village in a recess on the hill-slope close to the plain ; the houses principally of stone. It has a good olive-yard on the west below the village, in which yard the Survey Camp was placed. The water-supply is from a well on the north-west, which has a wheel and troughs. The place seems ancient, having rock-cut tombs and caves.^[2]

Jaba' had an elementary school for boys, which was founded by the Ottomans in 1885.^[15]

British Mandate era

In the British Mandate of Palestine period, in the 1922 census of Palestine Jaba had a population of 523; all Muslims,^[16] increasing in the 1931 census to 762; 2 Christians and the rest Muslim, in a total of 158 houses.^[17]

In the 1945 statistics this had increased to 1,140, all Muslims^[5] with a total of 7,012 dunams of land.^[6] Of this, 450 dunums were plantations or irrigable land, 4,255 were for cereals,^[18] while 60 dunams were classified built-up, (urban), land.^[19]

Mosaic remains, tombs cut into the rock, and other architectural features remain.^[15]

1948, aftermath

Jaba was in the territory allotted to the Jewish state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan.^[20] During the war the militia from the village fired on Jewish vehicles along the essential coast road.^[21] In early June 1948, an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) report shows that Ja'ba, together with Ijzim and Ayn Ghazal, were asking the IDF, "to open negotiation for surrender." Nothing resulted from the request.^[22] On 14 July, before the Second truce of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Israeli cabinet discussed the three villages in "The Little Triangle". Ben-Gurion said that there was no need to hurry:

The second truce, beginning on the 18 July, was not violated by the villagers.^[24]

According to Meron Benvenisti, IDF actions over course of the Second Truce were concentrated on "cleansing" small clusters of Arab villages located in "strategic" areas.^[31] Ja'ba was depopulated along with two other villages (Ijzim and 'Ayn Ghazal) located on the western slopes of the Carmel mountains between July 24 and 26.^[31] A week after the start of the truce, Israel undertook Operation Shoter ("Operation Policeman"), with the aim of conquering the "Little Triangle" villages.^[25] The operation was executed by a combination of brigades from the Israel Defense Forces and the military police.^[26] On July 25, street fighting was reported from Ayn Ghazal and Ja'ba. On the morning of the next day, the villages were found deserted.^[25]

In September, 1948, when the UN demanded the right of the villagers to return, the Israelis said that the village had fired on Jewish vehicles along a coast road, and therefore denied their return.^[27]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshav of Geva Carmel was established around one kilometer northwest of the old village site, on village land.^[7]

In 1992 the village site was described: "Piles of stone rubble can be seen on the site. A shrine still standing on an elevated part of it. Pine forests grow on the land in the vicinity, which is fenced in by barbed wire. Around the village are the remains of tombs. Parts of the site is used by Israelis as grazing land."^[15]

References

1. ^Mülinen, 1908, p.[https://archive.org/stream/beitrgezurkennt00mlgoog#page/n226/mode/2up 283]
2. ^¹²Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP, II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/42/mode/1up 42]
3. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/147/mode/1up 147]
4. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #168. Also gives cause of depopulation
5. ^¹Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 14
6. ^¹²Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 48
7. ^¹Khalidi, 1992, pp. 166, 188
8. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR22 xxii], settlement #120
9. ^Josephus, Wars of the Jews (ii.xviii.§1); Life of Josephus, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e3jnUBqapi0C&pg=PA77 77].
10. ^Schürer, 1891, §23 (The Hellenistic Towns), pp. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah63dw;view=1up;seq=141 127]–128.
11. ^Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews (xv.viii.§5); Wars of the Jews (iii.iii.§1); called Geba by Pliny, Natural History (v.19.75). see: {{cite web|author=Josephus|accessdate=10 August 2016|title=The Jewish War|url= http://www.loebclassics.com/view/josephus-jewish_war/1927/pb_LCL487.13.xml?mainRsKey=BmVlJ6&result=1&rskey=SqQjY8|doi=10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_war.1927}} {{Subscription needed|via=digital Loeb Classical Library}}.
12. ^Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 158
13. ^According to the estimate of Khalidi, there were 99 persons in the village. Khalidi, 1992, p. 165
14. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/54/mode/1up 54]
15. ^¹²Khalidi, 1992, p. 166
16. ^Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n35/mode/1up 33]
17. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 92]
18. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 90
19. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 140
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif|title=Map of UN Partition Plan|publisher=United Nations|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124212115/http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif|archivedate=January 24, 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2009-02-09}}
21. ^Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA438 438]
22. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA96 96], note #172, logbook entry, IDF, for 9. June.p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA146 146]
23. ^Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA438 438]- 439, note #146, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA457 457]
24. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA441 441], note #169, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA458 458]- 459 citing the investigating "Central Truce Supervision Board", chaired by US Brigadier General W.E. Riley. This board also found that the IDF assault on the villages had been a violation of the truce.
25. ^¹Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA439 439]
26. ^¹²Benvenisti, 2000, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC&pg=PA152 152].
27. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA441 441] notes #170, 171, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA459 459]