词条 | Juncus effusus |
释义 |
|image = Juncus effuses.jpg |genus = Juncus |species = effusus |authority = L. |synonyms_ref = [1] |synonyms = *Juncus communis E.Mey.
}} Juncus effusus, with the common names common rush or soft rush, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant species in the family Juncaceae. In North America, the common name soft rush also refers to Juncus interior. DistributionJuncus effusus is nearly cosmopolitan, considered native in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. It has naturalized in Australia, Madagascar, and various oceanic islands.[1][2][3][4][5][6]It is found growing in wet areas, such as wetlands, riparian areas, and marshes. In the United Kingdom it is found in purple moor-grass and rush pastures and fen-meadow plant associations.[7] DescriptionJuncus effusus grows in large clumps about {{convert|1.5|m|-1}} tall at the water's edge along streams and ditches, but can be invasive anywhere with moist soil. It is commonly found growing in humus-rich areas like marshes, ditches, fens, and beaver dams. The stems are smooth cylinders with light pith filling. The yellowish inflorescence appears to emerge from one side of the stem about {{convert|20|cm|0}} from the top. In fact the stem ends there; the top part is the bract, that continues with only a slight colour-band marking it from the stem. The lower leaves are reduced to a brown sheath at the bottom of the stem. SubspeciesFive subspecies are currently recognized:[1]
UsesWildlifeThe species provides wildfowl and wader feeding and nesting habitats, and also habitats for small mammals. A number of invertebrates feed on soft rush, including the rufous minor moth. HumansIn Hui sup tea, Juncus effusus is listed as one of the seven ingredients.{{cn|date=February 2019}} In Japan, this rush is grown to be woven into the covering of tatami mats. In Iran and Afghanistan too it is used to weave light cheap mat. It is called halfa (حلفا) and has medicinal uses too. In Europe, this rush was once used to make rushlights (by soaking the pith in grease), a cheap alternative to candles. CultivationThe species is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for planting in water gardens, native plant and wildlife gardens, and for larger designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects. The cultivar Juncus effusus 'Spiralis' (syn. Juncus spiralis), with the common names corkscrew rush or spiral rush, is a distinctive potted and water garden plant due to its very curled spiral like foliage.[15] Weed controlJuncus effusus can become a naturalized or invasive species, undesirable in rangelands for its unpalatability to livestock. Suggested methods of controlling rushes include: ploughing; high applications of inorganic fertilizer (can pollute watersheds); and topping to prevent seed formation. ChemistryJuncusol is a 9,10-dihydrophrenathrene found in J. effusus.[16][17] The plant also contains effusol[18] and dehydroeffusol.[19]References1. ^1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2. ^Kirschner, J. & al. (2002). Juncaceae. Species Plantarum: Flora of the World 6-8: 1-237, 1-336,1-192. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. 3. ^Al-Qura'n, S. (2011). The flora of Jordan: A taxonomical revision of Juncaceae. Arnaldoa 18: 33-36. 4. ^Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 48, 灯心草 deng xin cao, Juncus effusus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 1753 5. ^Flora of North America vol 22, Soft rush, Juncus effusus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 1753. 6. ^C. Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. Juncus effusus. Encyclopedia of Life. 7. ^Conservation Land Management Magazine: "Cutting Rushes" article, Spring 2003, British Wildlife Publishing. 8. ^Calflora: Juncus effusus subsp. austrocalifornicus 9. ^Jepson eFlora: Juncus effusus subsp. austrocalifornicus 10. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Peter F.Zika |year=2003 |title=The native subspecies of Juncus effusus (Juncaceae) in western North America |journal=Brittonia |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=150–156 |jstor=3218455 |doi=10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0150:TNSOJE]2.0.CO;2}} 11. ^Calflora: Juncus effusus subsp. pacificus 12. ^Jepson: Juncus effusus subsp. pacificus 13. ^USDA: Juncus effusus subsp. solutus 14. ^{{cite journal|author1=Morton, J.K. |author2=Venn, Joan. M.|year=2000|title=The Flora of Manitoulin Island|series=3rd|volume=edition|work=University of Waterloo Biology Series n. 40.}} 15. ^Heritage Perennials: Juncus effusus spiralis 16. ^{{cite journal | author = Bhattacharyya | journal = Experientia | volume = 36 | date = 1980 | pages = 27 | doi=10.1007/bf02003949 | title=Structure of effusol: A new phenolic constituent from Juncus effusus}} 17. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98276-1| title = Phenanthrene derivatives from the medullae of Juncus effusus| journal = Phytochemistry| volume = 30| issue = 9| pages = 3149| year = 1991| last1 = Shima| first1 = Katsuhito| last2 = Toyota| first2 = Masao| last3 = Asakawa| first3 = Yoshinori}} 18. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1071/CH9842111| title=Phenanthrene synthesis: The synthesis of effusol a 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene from the marsh grass Juncus effusus| journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry| volume=37| issue=10| pages=2111| year=1984| last1=Carvalho| first1=CF| last2=Sargent| first2=MV| last3=Stanojevic| first3=E}} 19. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1250517| pmid=21104609| title=Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects of Dehydroeffusol from Juncus effusus in Mice| journal=Planta Medica| volume=77| issue=5| pages=416| year=2010| last1=Liao| first1=You-Jiao| last2=Zhai| first2=Hai-Feng| last3=Zhang| first3=Bing| last4=Duan| first4=Tian-Xuan| last5=Huang| first5=Jian-Mei}} External links{{Commons category}}{{Wikispecies}}
11 : Juncus|Flora of Africa|Flora of Europe|Flora of North America|Flora of South America|Flora of temperate Asia|Freshwater plants|Garden plants|Medicinal plants|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine|Plants described in 1753 |
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