| 词条 | Jagjit Singh Aurora | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = Lieutenant General | name = Jagjit Singh Aurora | honorific_suffix = PVSM | image = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|2|13}} | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|5|3|1916|2|13}} | birth_place = Kala Gujran, Jhelum District, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan) | death_place = New Delhi, India | allegiance = {{Flag|British India}} {{Flag|India}} | branch = {{Army|British India}} {{Army|India}} | serviceyears = 1939–1973 | rank = Lieutenant General | servicenumber = IC-214[1] | commands = Eastern Army | unit = 2nd Punjab Regiment (until 1947) Punjab Regiment (after 1947) | battles = Burma Campaign, World War II Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 | awards = Param Vishisht Seva Medal Padma Bhushan }} Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora[2] (also Jagjit Singh Arora),[1][1][2] PVSM (13 February 1916 or 13 February 1917[3] – 3 May 2005) was an Indian Army Officer who was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command during the third war with Pakistan in 1971. He led the ground forces campaign in the Eastern front of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the Pakistan Army and the creation of Bangladesh.[4] He organised and led the ground forces campaign in the Eastern Front of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the combined Pakistan Armed Forces in East-Pakistan that led the creation of Bangladesh.[4] In retirement from the Indian Army, he joined Akali Dal and served as a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. Early lifeJagjit Singh Aurora was born in Kala Gujran, Jhelum District, Punjab, British India.[5] He was the son of an engineer in Kala Gujran, Jhelum district. Army careerAurora graduated from the Indian Military Academy in 1939 and was commissioned into the 1st Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment on 1 February.[1] He saw action in the Burma Campaign during World War II,[6] After Independence and the ensuing Partition of India, he opted to join the Indian Army and was a commissioned officer in the Punjab Regiment during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.[7] On 3 February 1957, he was promoted acting brigadier and given command of an infantry brigade.[8] As a brigadier, he fought in the Sino-Indian War in 1962, and was appointed a division commander on 21 February 1963,[14] with a promotion to major-general on 20 June 1964.[9] He was appointed Director of Military Training (DMT) on 23 November 1964.[10] He also participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. On 6 June 1966, Major General Arora was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (DCOAS) with the acting rank of lieutenant-general,[2] and was promoted substantive lieutenant-general on 4 August.[11] He was appointed the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Indian Army's Eastern Command on 8 June 1969.[12] East PakistanIn March 1971, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan. The operation resulted in the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities, including the systematic murder of Bengali intellectuals by the Pakistan Army. The ensuing violence led to almost 10 million Bengali refugees fleeing from East Pakistan into India. A spontaneous Bengali guerrilla force, the Mukti Bahini, was formed in response. This force along with the newly formed Bangladesh Forces, consisting of Bengali defectors from the Pakistan Army under the command of Colonel Mohammad Ataul Ghani Osmani, were engaged in escalating hostilities with the Pakistani Army.[13] For the next eight months, with tensions escalating between India and Pakistan and anticipating possible hostilities, Aurora oversaw the logistical preparations of the Indian Army on the Eastern front, including the improvement of roads, communications and bridges, as well as the movement of 30,000 tons of supplies close to the border with East Pakistan. At the outbreak of the war on 3 December 1971, as Eastern Army Commander, Gen. Aurora oversaw the Indian ground forces into battle in East Pakistan. In a meticulously planned operation, forces under Aurora's command formed numerous small combat teams and launched a four-front attack with the strategy of confronting and defeating the Pakistani forces on selected fronts, while bypassing Pakistani forces on others. In under two weeks, his forces advanced from the Indian border to capture Dhaka, the capital of East Pakistan.[14] The Unified Commander of Pakistan Armed Forces's Eastern Military High Command, Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi was forced to sign an unconditional Instrument of Surrender. The photograph of Niazi and Aurora at the signing of the Instruments of Surrender became an iconic image of the war,[15] with The Guardian describing the scene as "the glum Pakistani officer bowed over his signature. The turbaned figure beside him, showing not a scrap of elation".[16] The 90,000 Pakistani troops under Niazi's command surrendered to Gen Aurora as prisoners of war.[6] Pakistan lost almost {{convert|57000|sqmi|km2}} of its territory and 70 million of its people to the newly formed nation of Bangladesh. Later lifeAurora was honoured with the Param Vishisht Seva Medal and the Padma Bhushan for his role in the war.[17] He retired from the Indian Army in 1973. Lt. Gen. JFR Jacob has written in his book An Odyssey in War And Peace that Gen. Aurora approached then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for governorship of a state but she declined.[18] Jacob also writes that Gen Aurora and Mrs. Aurora were a regular part of the social life of Calcutta.[18] In 1984, Aurora fiercely criticised the Indian National Congress leadership following Operation Blue Star, which was a false manipulation by the current government of flushing out armed Sikh militants who had taken up positions inside the Golden Temple in Amritsar but also caused extensive damage to the holiest shrine of Sikhism. Subsequently, he spent several years as a member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha, the upper House of the Indian Parliament, for the Akali Dal, a Sikh political party. Aurora was also an active member of the Citizen's Justice Committee which provided pro bono assistance to Sikh victims of the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, who were attacked or killed by Hindu mobs following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. DeathJagjit Singh Aurora died on 3 May 2005, at age 89, in New Delhi.[19] He was survived by a son and a daughter. After his death, the gratitude of Bangladesh to General Aurora was emphasized in a message to India, from Morshed Khan, the Bangladeshi Foreign Minister, stating: "Aurora will be remembered in the history of Bangladesh for his contribution during our war of liberation in 1971, when he led the allied forces." The site of the Pakistani surrender, where Lt. Gen. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender with Lt. Gen. Aurora on 16 December 1971 is being converted into what will be called Independence Square. The plans include the installation of an eternal flame. Dates of rank
See also
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|pages=245–246|title=Indian Army List (Special Edition) 1947|first= |last=|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947|ISBN=|subject=}} 2. ^Both spellings are used in official documents; though "Aurora" predominates in the listings in the pre-Independence Indian Army List, as do those in the Gazette of India. 3. ^As given in the pre-Independence Indian Army List. 4. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Legends/170-JS-Arora.html | title = Homage to a Hero: Lt Gen J. S. Arora | publisher= Frontline | date=17 June 2005 | accessdate=24 July 2011}} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Modesty in victory |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050504/edit.htm#6|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=4 May 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518093219/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050504/edit.htm#6 |archivedate=18 May 2011 |dead-url=no}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/06/obituaries/06aurora.html |title=Jagjit Singh Aurora, 89, Indian War Hero, Is Dead |publisher=The New York Times |date= 6 May 2005|accessdate=15 July 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web | url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=CVpxJM4HyDk=&ParentID=VBMAob67zU4= | title = Punjab Regiment: Colonels of the Regiment | publisher = Indian Army | accessdate=24 July 2011}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76 |date=30 March 1957 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=371 |date=12 September 1964 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 10. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 11. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=628 |date=15 October 1966 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 12. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=663 |date=19 July 1969 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 13. ^Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany), p35-109, {{ISBN|978-984-8866-18-4}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh |title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora |publisher=guardian.co.uk |date= 11 May 2005|accessdate=15 July 2011}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Bangladesh honours Gen. Aurora|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/22/stories/2005052201860900.htm|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=The Hindu|date=22 May 2005}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary: Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/11/india.bangladesh|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=The Guardian|date=11 May 2005}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 November 2014 |df= }} 18. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110508/jsp/7days/story_13954083.jsp= | title = Jake and I, we broke the Naxals | publisher = The Telegraph | accessdate=8 May 2011}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/india/27837229_1_army-officer-eastern-army-command-goc |title=1971 war hero Lt General J S Aurora dead |publisher=Times of India |date= 3 May 2005|accessdate=15 July 2011}} 20. ^{{cite book|pages=243–244|title=Indian Army List October 1945 (Part I)|first= |last=|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945|ISBN=|subject=}} 21. ^Upon independence in 1947, India became a Dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip." 22. ^1 {{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archivedate=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=89 |date=12 May 1951 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 24. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=131 |date=2 July 1955 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 25. ^{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=294 |date=28 November 1959 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 26. ^1 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=123 |date=13 April 1963 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} 27. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=413 |date=16 July 1966 |website= |publisher=The Gazette of India}} References{{Reflist|30em}}External links
|before = Sam Manekshaw |title = General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command |years = 1969 - 1973 |after = N C Rawlley}}{{S-end}}{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}{{Bangladesh liberation}}{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurora, Jagjit Singh}} 17 : 1916 births|2005 deaths|Sikh warriors|Indian Sikhs|Military personnel from Punjab, India|Indian military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Indian generals|People from Jhelum District|Punjabi people|Bangladesh Liberation War|British Indian Army officers|Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service|Shiromani Akali Dal politicians|Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India|St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni |
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