| 词条 | Jamaican ibis |
| 释义 |
| name = Jamaican ibis | fossil_range = Late Quaternary | image = | image_caption = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Aves | ordo = Pelecaniformes | familia = Threskiornithidae | subfamilia = Threskiornithinae | genus = Xenicibis | genus_authority = Olson & Steadman, 1977 | species = X. xympithecus | binomial = Xenicibis xympithecus | binomial_authority = Olson & Steadman, 1977 | range_map = Jamaica range for Flightless Ibis.svg | range_map_caption = Former range (in red) }} The Jamaican ibis, Jamaican flightless ibis[1] or clubbed-wing ibis[2] (Xenicibis xympithecus) is an extinct bird species of the ibis subfamily uniquely characterized by its club-like wings.[3] It is the only species in the genus Xenicibis,[1] and one of only two flightless ibis genera,[2][3] the other being the genus Apteribis endemic to Hawaii.[2][4] DescriptionThe species was first described in 1977 based on postcranial bone elements excavated in a cave deposit at Long Mile Cave, Jamaica, by H. E. Anthony in 1919–20.[1][5] At the time, it was presumed to be flightless based on the incomplete coracoid;[1] its flightlessness was confirmed after a humerus of the same species was found in the Swansea Cave, Jamaica.[5][6] New fossil finds from two locations, including the Red Hills Fissure, show that the bird has a unique modification of the carpometacarpus rendering it club-like.[3] The metacarpal is enlarged and bowed distally with thickened walls, while the ulna and radius have been modified as well. This was a large ibis, weighing about 2 kg (70 oz).[3] Clubbed wing functionOrnithologists speculate that the wings were used as weapons, in the manner of a club or flail,[3] similar to the adaptations found in some mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda: Gonodactyloidea) that possess a club-like distally inflated dactyl used to strike prey and other shrimps.[7] However, among birds, this adaption appears to be unique.[3] Adaptations of the wing to fight in birds is an example of contingency in which various bird species find different solutions to the same problem based in chance.[3][8]Distribution{{Location map many | Jamaica |relief=1| label1=Long Mile Cave | lat=18.3768 | long= -77.6441 | label2=Swansea Cave | lat2=18.1752 | long2=-77.1591 | label3=Red Hills Fissure | lat3=18.066667 | long3=-76.866667 | label4=Jackson's Bay Cave | lat4=17.7400214| long4=-77.2150469 | marksize=8 | width=350 | float=right |caption=Excavation sites }} The Jamaican ibis was endemic to Jamaica. Bones have been excavated from several caves, including the Long Mile Cave,[1] the Swansea Cave,[6] the Jackson's Bay Cave[9] and the Red Hills Fissure.[3] Bones from Cuba claimed to be of this genus[10] were later identified as those of a limpkin. Jamaica and Cuba have always been separated by the sea, so it is improbable that a flightless species could reach the other islands.[5] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1977 | title = A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamaica | url = | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 90 | issue = 2| pages = 447–457 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2521346}}2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Tyrberg|first=Tommy|chapter= Holocene avian extinctions|editor1-first= Sam|editor1-last= Turvey|title=Holocene Extinctions|year=2009|pages=63–106|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-953509-5|url=}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Olson | first2 = S. L. | title = The bizarre wing of the Jamaican flightless ibis Xenicibis xympithecus: a unique vertebrate adaptation | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2010.2117 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | year = 2011 | pmid = 21208965| pmc = 3119002| volume=278 | pages=2333–2337}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1= Olson |first1= Storrs L.|last2= Wetmore|first2= Alexander|year= 1976|title= Preliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in Hawaiian Islands.|journal= Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume= 89|issue= |pages= 247–258|publisher= |doi= |url= http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1733/1/Thambeto_Apteribis.pdf|accessdate= January 7, 2011}} 5. ^1 2 Suárez, William (2001) "Deletion of the flightless ibis Xenicibis from the fossil record of Cuba" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001053714/http://academic.uprm.edu/publications/cjs/Vol37a/37_109-110.pdf |date=2011-10-01 }}. Caribbean Journal of Science 37 (1–2): 109–110 6. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = Storrs L | last2 = Steadman | first2 = David W | year = 1979 | title = The humerus of Xenicibis, the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica | url = | journal = Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | volume = 92 | issue = | pages = 23–27 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Patek | first1 = S. N. | last2 = Korff | first2 = W. L. | last3 = Caldwell | first3 = R. L. | doi = 10.1038/428819a | title = Biomechanics: Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp | journal = Nature | volume = 428 | issue = 6985 | pages = 819–20 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15103366| pmc = |bibcode = 2004Natur.428..819P }} 8. ^{{cite book|first=Stephen J |last=Gould|year=1989|title=The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History|location= New York|publisher= W. W. Norton|isbn=0-393-02705-8|pages= 347}} 9. ^{{cite journal | last= McFarlane | first= D A |author2=Lundberg, J |author3=Fincham, A G |date=August 2002 | title= A late Quaternary paleoecological record from caves of southern Jamaica, West Indies | journal= Journal of Cave and Karst Studies | volume= 64 | issue = 2 |language = | pages= 117–125 | url = http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/Publications/Late%20Quat%20JBC.pdf |format = | doi = }} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Arredondo|first=Oscar |year=1984|title=Sinopsis de las aves halladas en depósitos fosilíferos pleisto-holocénicos de Cuba|journal= Reporte de Investigación del Instituto de Zoología |language = Spanish |volume=17|pages=1–3}} 6 : Holocene extinctions|Extinct animals of Jamaica|Threskiornithidae|Fossil taxa described in 1977|Extinct flightless birds|Extinct birds of the Caribbean |
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