| 词条 | James Elmer Mitchell |
| 释义 |
| name = James Elmer Mitchell | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1952}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = United States | occupation = Psychologist | known_for = Developed enhanced interrogation techniques for CIA high value detainees | religion = }}James Elmer Mitchell (born 1952) is a psychologist and former member of the United States Air Force. From 2002, after his retirement from the military, to 2009 his company Mitchell Jessen and Associates received $81 million on contract from the CIA to carry out debriefings of detainees and to develop and conduct enhanced interrogation techniques.[1] Military careerMitchell joined the Air Force in 1975 and was first stationed in Alaska, learning to disarm unexploded ordnance. He was also a hostage negotiator at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas.[2] He left the military in the early 1980s to earn a master's degree in psychology at the University of Alaska.[2] He then received a Ph.D. in psychology at the University of South Florida in 1986. His thesis compared diet and exercise in controlling hypertension.[2] Mitchell returned to the Air Force and in 1988 became the chief of psychology at the Air Force survival school at Fairchild Air Force Base in Spokane, Washington. He succeeded Bruce Jessen, who had moved to an advanced school of survival training at the base.[2] Mitchell supervised the trainers who role-played as enemy interrogators for military personnel going through Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training. In 1996, Mitchell was the psychologist for a unit in the Air Force Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He retired as a Lieutenant Colonel in mid 2001.[3] Work as a CIA contractor on interrogation practicesAfter the September 11 attacks, Mitchell was asked by CIA to develop an interrogation program based on what were believed to be al-Qaeda documents on resisting interrogation.[4]{{rp|page=193}} Mitchell and Jessen recommended use of SERE counter-interrogation training, reverse-engineered to obtain intelligence from captives.[4]{{rp |page=195}} Mitchell was later reported to have personally waterboarded Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.[5] In 2005, Mitchell and Bruce Jessen formed a company called Mitchell Jessen and Associates, with offices in Spokane and Virginia and five additional associates, four of them from military SERE programs. By 2007, the company employed around 60 people, including former CIA interrogator Deuce Martinez; Karen Gardner, a former senior training official at the FBI Academy, and Roger Aldrich, a "legendary" military survival trainer. In April 2009, the CIA canceled the contract with Mitchell and Jessen's company, after having paid $81 million out of the authorized $180 million.[10][2] The CIA Inspector General concluded that there was no scientific reason to believe that the program Mitchell designed was medically safe or would produce reliable information.[6] The CIA agreed as part of the contract to provide legal costs for Mitchell and Jessen of at least $5 million if necessary.[7] Mitchell's identity in the interview program was made public by Vanity Fair in 2007[8] and further analyzed by The New York Times in 2009.[2] In a 2014 interview with The Guardian, Mitchell defended the program and his role, but said that his ability to defend himself was curtailed as he could not speak on specifics due to a signed non-disclosure agreement with the government.[9] In the 2016 book Enhanced Interrogation (written with co-author Bill Harlow), Mitchell provides more details and background information on the interrogation program.[1] CIA assessment on efficacy of EITsIn 2015, the National Security Advisor Susan Rice asked the CIA to assess the efficacy of enhanced interrogation techniques (EITs). The CIA compiled a summary of key intelligence collected after the application of (unspecified) interrogation techniques. The memorandum lists intelligence related to the following topics: The Karachi Plot, The Heathrow Plot, The "Second Wave," The Guraba Cell, Issa al-Hindi, Abu Talha al-Pakistani, Hambali's Capture, Jafaar al-Tayyar, Dirty Bomb Plot, Shoe bomber, and Sh(a)kai (Pakistan). The CIA believes that the intelligence acquired from the interrogations cited in the summary was a key reason Al-Queda was unable to launch a spectacular attack against western targets after 9/11.[10] Senate Intelligence Committee Study of the CIA's Detention and Interrogation Program{{main|Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture}}On December 9, 2014 the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released a report confirming the use of torture and SERE tactics in interrogations.[11] The contractors that developed the "enhanced interrogation techniques" received {{USD}}81 million for their services, out of a contract with a potential value in excess of {{USD}}180 million.[12] NBC News identified the contractors, who were referred to in the report via pseudonyms, as Mitchell, Jessen & Associates from Spokane, Washington, a company run by two psychologists, John "Bruce" Jessen and James Mitchell. Jessen had been a senior psychologist at the Defense Department where he taught special forces how to resist and endure torture. The Intelligence Committee report states that the contractor "developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques and personally conducted interrogations of some of the CIA's most significant detainees using those techniques. The contractors also evaluated whether the detainees' psychological state allowed for continued use of the techniques, even for some detainees they themselves were interrogating or had interrogated." Mitchell, Jessen & Associates developed a "menu" of 20 enhanced techniques including waterboarding, sleep deprivation and stress positions. The CIA acting general counsel, described in his book Company Man, that the enhanced techniques were "sadistic and terrifying."[13] The report said Mitchell "had reviewed research on learned helplessness, in which individuals might become passive and depressed in response to adverse or uncontrollable events. He theorized that inducing such a state could encourage a detainee to cooperate and provide information."[14] When contacted about his role in the controversial program in the aftermath of its publishing, he confirmed that he signed a non-disclosure agreement with the government, not enabling him to confirm or deny his involvement. "[E]veryone is assuming it is me, but I can’t confirm or deny it. It is frustrating because you can’t defend yourself."[15] Ethics complaint in TexasIn 2010, psychologist Jim L. H. Cox filed a formal ethics complaint against Mitchell in Texas, where Mitchell was a licensed psychologist, alleging that he had violated the profession's rules of practice by helping the CIA develop "enhanced interrogation [i.e., torture] techniques."[16] Although Mitchell was not a member, the American Psychological Association sent a letter to the Texas State Board of Examiners of Psychologists stating that the actions alleged by the complainant to have been committed by Mitchell were "patently unethical," and that longstanding APA policy strictly prohibited psychologists from being involved "in any form of torture or other types of cruel, degrading or inhuman treatment or punishment."[17] The APA justified its intervention by stating that "the allegations put forward in the complaint and those that are on the public record about Dr. Mitchell are simply so serious, and if true, such a gross violation of his professional ethics, that we felt it necessary to act." When asked about the allegations, Mitchell called the complaint libelous and "riddled throughout with fabricated details, lies, distortions and inaccuracies."[18] The Board dismissed the complaint against Mitchell on February 10, 2011, saying there wasn't enough evidence to prove Mitchell violated its rules.[19] LawsuitIn 2014, The New York Times Editorial board called for the investigation and prosecution of Mitchell and Jessen for their role in developing the torture practices used by the CIA.[20] In 2015, Human Rights Watch called for the prosecution of Jessen "for [his] alleged direct participation in torture, often applied in ways beyond how it was authorized, but also for [his] role in the initial conspiracy to torture as well."[21] On October 13, 2015 the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against James Mitchell and Bruce Jessen on behalf of Mohamed Ahmed Ben Soud, Suleiman Abdullah Salim, and the estate of Gul Rahman, three former detainees who were subjected to the interrogation methods they designed.[22] The suit alleges that the defendants' conduct constituted torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment; non-consensual human experimentation; and war crimes—"all of which are violations of 'specific, universal, and obligatory' international law norms, as evidenced by numerous binding international treaties, declarations, and other international law instruments."[23] A trial was set for June 2017.[24] On July 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Justin Lowe Quackenbush denied both parties motions for summary judgment, noted that the defendants are indemnified by the United States government, and encouraged the attorneys to reach a settlement before trial.[25] The lawsuit settled in August 2017.[26] Personal lifeMitchell, who is retired and lives in Land O' Lakes, Florida, spends his free time kayaking, rafting and climbing.[15] He describes himself as an atheist and a supporter of Amnesty International.[9] BooksMitchell has co-authored and contributed to several books:
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=James E. |last2=Harlow|first2=Bill|title=Enhanced Interrogation |publisher=The Crown Publishing Group |year=2016 |isbn= 978-1101906842}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/us/12psychs.html |newspaper= The New York Times |author=Scott Shane|title= Interrogation Inc.: 2 U.S. Architects of Harsh Tactics in 9/11's Wake |date= August 11, 2009|quote=They found an excellent customer in the Central Intelligence Agency, where in 2002 they became the architects of the most important interrogation program in the history of American counterterrorism.}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://tbo.com/list/military-news/land-o-lakes-man-considered-co-creator-of-controversial-cia-interrogation-program-defends-his-actions-20140422/ |title=Pasco man, behind CIA interrogation program, defends actions |first=Howard |last=Altman |date=April 22, 2014 |work=Tampa Tribune |accessdate=August 27, 2014}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last=Eichenwald |first=Kurt |authorlink=Kurt Eichenwald |title=500 Days: Secrets and Lies in the Terror Wars |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQO3_WAF0hQC}} 5. ^{{cite news |last=Leopold |first=Jason |date=April 18, 2014 |title=CIA torture architect breaks silence to defend 'enhanced interrogation' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/18/cia-torture-architect-enhanced-interrogation |work=Guardian |accessdate=August 26, 2014 }} 6. ^{{cite web |title=Counterterrorism Detention and Interrogation Activities (September 2001 - October 2003) |url=https://www.aclu.org/oigreport |author=Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General |date=May 7, 2004 |accessdate=August 26, 2014 |format=PDF}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ap-cia-granted-waterboarders-5m-legal-shield/|agency=Associated Press |title=AP: CIA Granted Waterboarders $5M Legal Shield| work=CBS News |date=December 17, 2010 |accessdate=December 10, 2014}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/07/torture200707 |author=Katherine Eban|title=Rorschach and Awe |work=Vanity Fair |date=July 17, 2007 |accessdate=December 10, 2014}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |first= Jason |last= Leopold |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/18/james-mitchell-cia-torture-interview |title= James Mitchell: 'I'm just a guy who got asked to do something for his country' |work= Guardian |date= April 18, 2014 |accessdate= August 20, 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/6541535 | title= Effectiveness of the CIA counterterrorist interrogation techniques|publisher=CIA| date=13 June 2016}} 11. ^United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/09/world/cia-torture-report-document.html "The Senate Committee’s Report on the C.I.A.’s Use of Torture"] December 9, 2014. 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/CIAs_June2013_Response_to_the_SSCI_Study_on_the_Former_Detention_and_Interrogation_Program.pdf | title= Response to the SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program|publisher=CIA| date=27 June 2013}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Windrem|first1=Robert|title=CIA Paid Torture Teachers More Than $80 Million|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/cia-torture-report/cia-paid-torture-teachers-more-80-million-n264756|work=NBC News|date=December 9, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209231909/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/cia-torture-report/cia-paid-torture-teachers-more-80-million-n264756|archivedate=December 9, 2014 |dead-url=no}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Psychologist Defends Harsh CIA Interrogations|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/10/psychologist-james-mitchell-cia-torture_n_6302526.html|date=December 10, 2014|first=Ken|last=Dilanian|work=Huffington Post|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=December 16, 2014}} 15. ^1 {{cite news|title=Psychologist Linked to CIA Torture: 'I'm Caught in Some Kafka Novel'|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-10/psychologist-linked-to-cia-interrogations-kayaking-in-retirement.html|date=December 9, 2014|first=Shannon |last=Pettypiece|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=December 16, 2014}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=Psychologist in Terror War Is Subject of Complaint |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/us/14ttlawsuit.html |work=The New York Times |agency=Texas Tribune |first=Morgan |last=Smith |date=November 11, 2010 |accessdate=August 27, 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/statements/texas-mitchell-letter.pdf |title=RE: Complaint filed by Dr. Jim L. H. Cox regarding Dr. James Elmer Mitchell |work=American Psychological Association |date=June 30, 2010 |accessdate=August 27, 2014 |format=PDF |first=Carol D. |last=Goodheart}} 18. ^{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Welsh-Huggins |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/10/apa-wants-james-mitchell-_n_641961.html |title=APA Wants James Mitchell, Psychologist Who Helped CIA Torture, Stripped Of His License |work=Huffington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=July 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 26, 2014}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2011/feb/25/bc-tx-psychologist-waterboarding/ |title=Texas board won't discipline CIA psychologist |first=Danny |last=Robbins |work=Victoria Advocate |agency=Association Press |date=February 25, 2011 |accessdate=August 26, 2014}} 20. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2014-12-21 |access-date=2015-04-17 }} 21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/283564 |title=No More Excuses: A Roadmap to Justice for CIA Torture |author= |date= |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2015-12-02 }} 22. ^{{cite news |first=Jenna |last=McLaughlin |title=Former U.S. Detainees Sue Psychologists Responsible For CIA Torture Program |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/10/13/former-u-s-detainees-sue-psychologists-responsible-for-cia-torture-program/ |work=Intercept |date=October 13, 2015 |accessdate=March 30, 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web |title=Salim v. Mitchell - Complaint |url=https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/salim-v-mitchell-complaint |date=October 15, 2015}} 24. ^{{cite news |title=Judge hints at trial for harsh interrogation suit |author=Nicholas Geranios |url=http://registerguard.com/rg/news/local/35195416-75/judge-hints-at-trial-for-harsh-interrogation-suit.html.csp |newspaper=The Register-Guard |date=January 20, 2017 |accessdate=January 20, 2017 |agency=Associated Press}} 25. ^{{cite news|last1=Fink|first1=Sheri|title=2 Psychologists in C.I.A. Interrogations Can Face Trial, Judge Rules|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/cia-interrogations-torture-psychologists.html|accessdate=29 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=29 July 2017|page=A18}} 26. ^https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/17/544183178/psychologists-behind-cia-enhanced-interrogation-program-settle-detainees-lawsuit External links
7 : 1950s births|Living people|People from Land O’ Lakes, Florida|Torture in the United States|American psychologists|American atheists|Psychological torture techniques |
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