| 词条 | James H. Howard | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name= James H. Howard |birth_date= {{Birth date|1913|04|08}} |death_date= {{Death date and age|1995|03|18|1913|04|08}} |birth_place= Canton (now Guangzhou), China |death_place= Bay Pines, Florida |placeofburial= Arlington National Cemetery |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |image= Col James H Howard.jpg |caption= Col. James H. Howard in 1945 |nickname= |allegiance= United States of America |branch = United States Air Force United States Army Air Forces American Volunteer Group United States Navy |serviceyears= 1938–1941 (USN) 1941–1942 (AVG) 1942–1966 (USAAF/USAF) |rank= Ensign (Navy) Brigadier General (Air Force) |commands=356th Fighter Squadron 96th Bombardment Wing |unit= |battles= World War II |awards= Medal of Honor Distinguished Flying Cross (2) Bronze Star Air Medal (10) |laterwork= }} James Howell Howard (April 8, 1913 – March 18, 1995) was a general in the United States Air Force and the only fighter pilot in the European Theater of Operations in World War II to receive the Medal of Honor — the United States military's highest decoration.[1] CBS commentator Andy Rooney, then a wartime reporter for Stars and Stripes, called Howard's exploits "the greatest fighter pilot story of World War II".[2] In later life, Howard was a successful businessman, author, and airport director. Early lifeBorn on April 8, 1913, in Canton (now Guangzhou), China, where his American parents lived at the time while his ophthalmologist father was teaching eye surgery there, Howard returned with his family to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1927. After graduating from John Burroughs School in St. Louis, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Pomona College in Claremont, California, in 1937, intending to follow his father into medicine.[3] Shortly before graduation, however, Howard decided that the life of a Naval Aviator was more appealing than six years of medical school and internship, and he entered the United States Navy as a naval aviation cadet. United States Navy ServiceHoward began his flight training in January 1938 at Naval Air Station Pensacola, earning his wings a year later.[3] In 1939, He was assigned as a U.S. Navy pilot aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6}}, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In June 1941, he left the Navy to become a P-40 fighter pilot with the American Volunteer Group (AVG), the famous Flying Tigers, in Burma.[3] He flew 56 missions and was credited with shooting down six Japanese airplanes.[1] United States Army Air ForcesAfter the Flying Tigers were disbanded on July 4, 1942, Howard returned to the U.S. and was commissioned a captain in the Army Air Forces. In 1943, he was promoted to the rank of major and given command of the 356th Fighter Squadron in the 354th Fighter Group, based in the United Kingdom. On January 11, 1944, Howard flew his P-51 unaccompanied into some 30 Luftwaffe fighters that were attacking a formation of American B-17 Flying Fortress bombers over Oschersleben, Germany.[4] For more than a half-hour, Howard defended the heavy bombers of the 401st Bomb Group against the swarm of Luftwaffe fighters, repeatedly attacking the enemy and shooting down as many as six.[4] Even after Howard's P-51 ran out of ammunition, he continued to dive on enemy airplanes.[4] The leader of the bomber formation later reported, "For sheer determination and guts, it was the greatest exhibition I've ever seen. It was a case of one lone American against what seemed to be the entire Luftwaffe. He was all over the wing, across and around it. They can't give that boy a big enough award."[3] The following week, the Army Air Forces held a press conference in London at which Major Howard described the attack to reporters, including the BBC, the Associated Press, CBS reporter Walter Cronkite, and Andy Rooney, then a reporter for Stars and Stripes. The story was a media sensation, prompting articles such as "Mustang Whip" in the Saturday Evening Post, "Fighting at 425 Miles Per Hour" in Popular Science, and "One Man Air Force" in True magazine. "An attack by a single fighter on four or five times his own number wasn't uncommon," wrote a fellow World War II fighter pilot in his postwar memoirs of Howard's performance, "but a deliberate attack by a single fighter against thirty-plus enemy fighters without tactical advantage of height or surprise is rare almost to the point of extinction."[5] The following month, Howard was promoted to lieutenant colonel and in June 1944, he was presented the Medal of Honor by General Carl Spaatz for his January 11 valor. Air ForceIn early 1945, Howard was promoted to colonel and assigned as base commander of Pinellas Army Airfield (now St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport) in Florida. With the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate service in 1947, then-Colonel Howard was transferred to the Air Force. In 1948, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the U.S. Air Force Reserve, commanding the Air Force Reserve's 96th Bombardment Group.[3] Later yearsIn the 1970s, Howard retired to Belleair Bluffs in Pinellas County, Florida.[1] In 1991, he wrote an autobiography, Roar of the Tiger, chiefly devoted to his wartime experiences.[3] On January 11, 1994, the 50th anniversary of the Oschlersleben attack, the Board of County Commissioners in Pinellas County proclaimed "General Howard Day" and presented him with a plaque.[6] A permanent exhibit honoring General Howard was also unveiled in the terminal building of the county's St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport.[2][7] Another exhibit paying tribute to Howard was subsequently dedicated at his alma mater, the John Burroughs School in St. Louis. On January 27, 1995, Howard made his last public appearance when he was guest of honor at the annual banquet of the West Central Florida Council of the Boy Scouts of America, in Clearwater, Florida. He died six weeks later at the nearby Bay Pines Veterans Hospital and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, survived by two sisters.[1] Military awardsHoward received the following awards:
Armed Forces Reserve Medal with silver hourglass Republic of China War Memorial Medal Medal of Honor citationThe citation accompanying the Medal of Honor awarded to Lieutenant Colonel James H. Howard on 5 June 1944, by Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near Oschersleben, Germany, on 11 January 1944. On that day Col. Howard was the leader of a group of P-51 aircraft providing support for a heavy bomber formation on a long-range mission deep in enemy territory. As Col. Howard's group met the bombers in the target area the bomber force was attacked by numerous enemy fighters. Col. Howard, with his group, at once engaged the enemy and himself destroyed a German ME. 110. As a result of this attack Col. Howard lost contact with his group, and at once returned to the level of the bomber formation. He then saw that the bombers were being heavily attacked by enemy airplanes and that no other friendly fighters were at hand. While Col. Howard could have waited to attempt to assemble his group before engaging the enemy, he chose instead to attack single-handed a formation of more than 30 German airplanes. With utter disregard for his own safety he immediately pressed home determined attacks for some 30 minutes, during which time he destroyed 3 enemy airplanes and probably destroyed and damaged others. Toward the end of this engagement 3 of his guns went out of action and his fuel supply was becoming dangerously low. Despite these handicaps and the almost insuperable odds against him, Col. Howard continued his aggressive action in an attempt to protect the bombers from the numerous fighters. His skill, courage, and intrepidity on this occasion set an example of heroism which will be an inspiration to the U.S. Armed Forces.[8] See also{{Portal|Biography|World War II|United States Army|United States Air Force}}
References{{ACMH}} 1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|author=Wolfgang Saxon|title=Gen. James Howard, 81, Dies; Medal Winner in Aerial Combat|date=1995-03-22|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3DD1630F931A15750C0A963958260&scp |accessdate=2008-05-27}} 2. ^1 {{Cite news|author=Christina K. Cosdon|title=New exhibit at airport honors hero|date=1996-11-03|publisher=The St. Petersburg Times|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/22769563.html?dids=22769563:22769563&FMT=FT&FMTS |accessdate=2008-05-27}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite book|author=James H. Howard|title=Roar of the Tiger|year=1991|publisher=Orion Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-517-57323-5}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite news|author=Frederick Graham|title=One-Man Air Force Belittles His Feat|date=January 19, 1944|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/01/19/86721251.pdf|accessdate=2008-05-27 | format=PDF}} 5. ^{{Cite book|author=Richard E. Turner|title=Big friend, little friend|year=1983|publisher=Champlin Fighter Museum Press|location=Mesa, Ariz.|isbn=978-0-912173-00-9}} 6. ^{{Cite news|author=Roger Clendening II|title=WWII pilot will be honored today|date=1994-01-11|publisher=The St. Petersburg Times|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51808365.html?dids=51808365:51808365&FMT=FT&FMTS|accessdate=2008-05-27}} 7. ^{{Cite web|title=Airport Guide – History |publisher=St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport |year=1997 |url=http://www.fly2pie.com/about/history.asp |accessdate=2008-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615050606/http://www.fly2pie.com/about/history.asp |archivedate=2008-06-15 |df= }} 8. ^{{Cite web |title = Medal of Honor recipients - World War II |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |date=2007-07-16 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-g-l.html |accessdate=2008-05-27}} Further reading
External links{{commonscat}}
10 : 1913 births|1995 deaths|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|Flying Tigers|United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients|United States Army Air Forces officers|United States Air Force generals|United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II|Pomona College alumni|World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor |
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