| 词条 | Józef Retinger |
| 释义 |
Józef Hieronim Retinger (Kraków, 17 April 1888{{spaced ndash}}12 June 1960, London) was a Polish and international political activist. He was a founder of the European Movement that led to establishment of the European Union[1] and was involved in founding the Bilderberg Group. LifeJózef Retinger was born in Kraków, Poland (then part of Austria-Hungary), the youngest of four children. His father, Józef Stanisław Retinger, was the personal legal counsel and advisor to Count Władysław Zamoyski. When Retinger's father died, Count Zamoyski took Józef into his household. Financed by Count Zamoyski, in 1906 Retinger entered Paris' Sorbonne and two years later, aged twenty, became the youngest person to earn a Ph.D. there. In 1911 he moved to England, where his closest friend was Polish writer Joseph Conrad. Retinger urged Conrad to visit Poland, and on 28 July 1914, the day World War I broke out, Retinger, his wife Otolia, and Conrad, his wife, and their two sons arrived in Kraków, the two men's childhood stamping grounds (the Conrads, in view of the nearby Russian border, soon sought greater safety in the Tatra Mountains resort of Zakopane).[2] Retinger would write about Conrad in his 1943 book, Conrad and His Contemporaries. In 1917 Retinger traveled to Mexico, where he became an unofficial political adviser to union organizer Luis Morones and President Plutarco Elías Calles. Retinger helped advance Mexico's nationalization of its oil industry in 1928.[3] During World War II, in London, Retinger was principal advisor to the Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile.[4] In 1944, aged 56, Retinger parachuted into occupied Poland[5]{{rp|pages=16–22}} with 2nd Lt. Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt, in Operation Salamander, to meet with Polish underground figures, to deliver money to the Polish underground,[6] and "to explain to his fellow Poles in the homeland 'how are we going to lose this war'".[4] Following at least one assassination attempt on him, Retinger expressed his frustration: {{blockquote|You know why I came. The [Underground] Delegate knows as well.... They know that I only want to convince them that it will be necessary in the future to cooperate with the Communists, because no English are coming here, only Russians. If we do not get along with them somehow, it will be a terrible tragedy, because we well know what Stalin and the NKVD [Interior Ministry of the Soviet Union] are. And it's about trying to make people here understand this fact. And they want to murder me![7]}}After World War II, Retinger feared another devastating war in Europe, this time fought between "Russia" and "the Anglo-Saxons".[4] He therefore became a leading advocate of European unification and helped found both the European Movement and the Council of Europe. He would eventually become Honorary Secretary General of the European Movement. Retinger initiated the Bilderberg conferences in 1954 and was their secretary until his 1960 London death, in poverty, by lung cancer. He is buried at North Sheen Cemetery.[5]{{rp|pages=16–22}} Works
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Pieczewski|first1=Andrzej|title=Joseph Retinger's conception of and contribution to the early process of European integration|journal=European Review of History|date=11 Aug 2010|volume=17|issue=4|pages=581–604|doi=10.1080/13507486.2010.495766}} 2. ^Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Life, Rochester, New York, Camden House, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-57113-347-2}}, pp. 459–63. 3. ^Marcus E. Ethridge, review of M.B.B. Biskupski, War and Diplomacy in East and West: A Biography of Józef Retinger, London, Routledge, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1-138-21845-1}}, in The Polish Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2019, p. 95. (Ethridge's full review is on pp. 94–95.) 4. ^1 2 Marcus E. Ethridge, review of M.B.B. Biskupski, War and Diplomacy in East and West: A Biography of Józef Retinger, London, Routledge, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1-138-21845-1}}, in The Polish Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2019, p. 95. 5. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Eringer|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Eringer|title=The Global Manipulators|publisher=Pentacle Books|asin=B00546KTEM|oclc=26551991}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Retinger|first=Joseph|title=Memoirs of an Eminence Grise|year=1972|publisher=Sussex University Press/Chatto and Windus|isbn=978-0-85621-002-0|pages=265}} 7. ^Marcus E. Ethridge, review of M.B.B. Biskupski, War and Diplomacy in East and West: A Biography of Józef Retinger, London, Routledge, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1-138-21845-1}}, , in The Polish Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2019, p. 95. Further reading
External links
8 : 1888 births|1960 deaths|Ambassadors of Poland to Russia|Council of Europe|Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group|Polish politicians|University of Paris alumni|Place of death missing |
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