| 词条 | Józef Unrug |
| 释义 |
|name=Admiral Józef Unrug |image=Józef Unrug.jpg |image_size=225 |rank=Admiral (Admirał) |death_date={{Death date and age|1973|2|28|1884|10|7|df=y}} |death_place=Lailly-en-Val, France |birth_date={{Birth date|1884|10|7|df=y}} |birth_place=Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany |serviceyears=from 1907 |allegiance={{Flag|German Empire}} {{flagicon|Poland}} Second Polish Republic |branch={{navy|German Empire}} {{navy|Poland}} |commands={{SMU|UB-25}}, {{SMU|UC-11}} and {{SMU|UC-28}} C-i-C of the Polish Navy |battles=World War I, Polish-Soviet War, Invasion of Poland (1939) |awards={{plainlist|
}} }} Józef Unrug ({{Lang-de|Joseph von Unruh}}; 7 October 1884 – 28 February 1973) was a Prussian-born Pole and Polish admiral who helped reestablish Poland's navy after World War I. During the opening stages of World War II, he served as the Polish Navy's commander-in-chief. As a German POW, he refused all German offers to change sides and was incarcerated in several Oflags, including Colditz Castle. He stayed in exile after the war in the United Kingdom, Morocco and France where he died and was buried. In September 2018 he was posthumously promoted in the rank of Admiral of the fleet by the President of Poland. After 45 years his remains, along with those of his wife, Zofia, were exhumed from Montrésor and taken in October 2018 to his final resting place in Gdynia, Poland. BiographyJózef Michał Hubert Unrug was born in Brandenburg an der Havel into a Polish family of German descent. He was the son of Thaddäus Gustav von Unruh, a Generalmajor in the Prussian Army. After graduating from the gymnasium in Dresden, Unrug completed naval college in 1907 and began his service in the German Navy. During World War I he commanded a U-boat, and was promoted to command the training-submarine half-flotilla. CareerIn 1919, after Poland regained independence, Unrug left Germany and volunteered for the Polish Armed Forces. Soon afterwards, he was transferred to the nascent Polish Navy, where he served as chief of the Hydrographic Division and then as commanding officer of a submarine flotilla. One of the most skilled officers in the Polish Navy, Unrug was quickly promoted to Rear Admiral. Overcoming his limitations in the Polish language, he became Commander of the Fleet of the Polish Navy in 1925. World War IIDuring the 1939 invasion of Poland, Unrug executed his plan of strategically withdrawing the Polish Navy's major vessels to the United Kingdom ("Operation Peking"). At the same time, he got all Polish submersibles to lay naval mines in the Bay of Gdańsk ("Plan Worek"). Following that operation, these vessels either escaped to the United Kingdom or sought refuge in neutral countries. Despite having effectively given up control of Poland's naval vessels, Unrug remained in command of multiple military units, which he tasked with protecting the Polish Corridor from German attacks. On 1 October 1939, however, after both Warsaw and Modlin had capitulated, Admiral Unrug decided that further defence of the isolated Hel Peninsula was pointless, and the following day all units under his command capitulated. Unrug spent the rest of World War II in various German POW camps, including Fort Srebrna Góra,[1] Oflag II-C in Woldenberg, Oflag XVIII-C in Spittal, Stalag X-B in Sandbostel, Oflag IV-C (Colditz Castle), and finally Oflag VII-A Murnau. In Oflag VII-A Murnau, Unrug was the highest-ranking officer and commander of the Polish soldiers interned there as prisoners of war. The Germans treated Unrug with great respect, on account of him having previously been a German officer, by bringing former Imperial German Navy friends to visit him with the intention of making him switch sides. Unrug responded by refusing to speak German, saying that he had forgotten that language in September 1939. To the irritation of the Germans, Unrug would always insist on having a translator present or communicating in French, when speaking with the Germans, even though he was a native German speaker. Unrug's spirit and unbowed attitude proved to be an inspiration to his fellow prisoners.[2]Post-war exileAfter Poland was taken over by the Soviet Union in 1945, Unrug went to the United Kingdom, where he served with the Polish Navy in the West and took part in its demobilisation. After the Allies withdrew support from the Polish government, Unrug remained in exile, in the United Kingdom, and then moved to France. He died there on 28 February 1973 in the Polish Veterans' care home in Lailly-en-Val near Beaugency, at the age of 88. On 5 March 1973, he was buried in Montrėsor cemetery. In 1976, a stone tablet commemorating Unrug was unveiled in Oksywie. Unrug had specified in his will that he should not be buried on Polish soil until such time as all the remains of his fellow naval officers and men had been recovered from enemy control. Exhumation and state funeralOn 24 September 2018 Admiral of the fleet Joseph Unrug and his wife, Zofia (died 1980), were exhumed and transferred with a guard of honour at the French port of Brest for reburial in the Polish port of Gdynia, Poland, after a delay of 45 years.[3] A state funeral was held in Oksywie on 2 October 2018 in the presence of Andrzej Duda, the President of Poland among other members of the Polish government and leaders of the Polish Armed Forces. The chief mourner was Christophe Unrug, the admiral's grandson and, by happenstance, the current mayor of Montrésor in France.[4] In September 2018, Polish President Andrzej Duda had posthumously promoted Rear admiral Joseph Unrug to Admiral of the fleet. The promotion citation was handed to Unrug's family during the funeral at the cemetery. Honours and awardsGold Cross of the Virtuti Militari Polonia Restituta, Commanders' Cross Gold Cross of Merits with Swords Gold Cross of Merit Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France) Iron Cross, First and Second Classes (German Empire) Order of Dannebrog (Denmark) Order of the White Elephant (Siam) Royal Order of the Sword (Sweden) See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/miejsce.php?ID=311 |title=Pomink historii: Srebrna Góra – Twierdza Srebrnogórska, nowożytna warownia górska z XVIII wieku |language=Polish |trans-title=|publisher=Nid.pl |date=2013-04-18 |accessdate=2014-04-06}} 2. ^Kazimierz Sławiński: Wspomnienie o kontradmirale, "Morze" Monthly, 9/1973, p.17 3. ^{{cite journal |last=Frachet |first=Stéphane |date=2018-09-25 |title=Indre-et-Loire : la dépouille de l’amiral Unrug, héros polonais, rentre au pays |trans-title= |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/indre-et-loire-la-depouille-de-l-amiral-unrug-heros-polonais-rentre-au-pays-24-09-2018-7900671.php |language=fr |journal=Le Parisien |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date= }} 4. ^{{cite journal|last= |first= |date=10 December 2018 |title=Nowy Czas: Obituary Admirał Józef Unrug 1884-1973 |trans-title= |url=https://issuu.com/nowyczas/docs/ncz_237_238|language=pl |journal=Nowy Czas, London |volume= |issue=237/238 |pages= 52|doi= |ISSN = 1752-0339|access-date=20 December 2018}} External links{{Commons category|Józef Unrug}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Unrug Jozef}} 20 : 1884 births|1973 deaths|German military personnel of World War I|Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur|People from the Province of Brandenburg|People from Brandenburg an der Havel|Polish military personnel of World War II|Polish Navy admirals|Polish people of German descent|Gold Crosses of the Virtuti Militari|Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta|Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)|Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)|Order of the Dannebrog|Recipients of the Order of the Sword|Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class|Submarine commanders|U-boat commanders (Imperial Navy)|Polish prisoners of war|World War II prisoners of war held by Germany |
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