| 词条 | Jørn Utzon | ||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Jørn Utzon |image = Jorn Utzon 2000 by Ole Haupt.jpg |image_size = |caption = Jørn Utzon in 2000 |nationality = Danish |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|04|09}} |birth_place = Copenhagen, Denmark |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|11|29|1918|04|09}} |death_place = Helsingør, Denmark |alma_mater = Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts |influences = |influenced = |practice = |significant_buildings = Sydney Opera House, Bagsværd Church, Kuwait National Assembly Building |significant_projects = |significant_design = |awards = Pritzker Prize }} Jørn Oberg Utzon, {{post-nominals|country=AUS|ACh}}, Hon. FAIA ({{IPA-da|jɶɐ̯n ˈudsʌn|lang}}; 9 April 1918{{spaced ndash}}29 November 2008)[1] was a Danish architect, most notable for designing the Sydney Opera House in Australia. When it was declared a World Heritage Site on 28 June 2007, Utzon became only the second person to have received such recognition for one of his works during his lifetime, after Oscar Niemeyer.[2] Other noteworthy works include Bagsværd Church near Copenhagen and the National Assembly Building in Kuwait. He also made important contributions to housing design, especially with his Kingo Houses near Helsingør. Early life and careerUtzon was born in Copenhagen, the son of a naval architect, and grew up in Aalborg, Denmark, where he became interested in ships and a possible naval career.[3] As a result of his family's interest in art, from 1937 he attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where he studied under Kay Fisker and Steen Eiler Rasmussen. Following his graduation in 1942, he joined Gunnar Asplund in Stockholm where he worked together with Arne Jacobsen and Poul Henningsen.[4] He took a particular interest in the works of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.[5] After the end of World War II and the German Occupation of Denmark, he returned to Copenhagen. In 1946 he visited Alvar Aalto in Helsinki. In 1947–48 he travelled in Europe, in 1948 he went to Morocco where he was taken by the tall clay buildings. In 1949, he travelled to the United States and Mexico, where the pyramids provided further inspiration. Fascinated by the way the Mayans built towards the sky to get closer to God, he commented that his time in Mexico was "One of the greatest architectural experiences in my life."[6] In America, he visited Frank Lloyd Wright's home, Taliesin West, in the Arizona desert[6] and met Charles and Ray Eames.[7] In 1950 he established his own studio in Copenhagen[8] and, in 1952, built an open-plan house for himself, the first of its kind in Denmark. In 1957, he travelled first to China (where he was particularly interested in the Chinese desire for harmony), Japan (where he learnt much about the interaction between interiors and exteriors) and India, before arriving in Australia in 1957 where he stayed until 1966.[5] All this contributed to Utzon's understanding of factors which contribute to successful architectural design.[11] Architectural approachUtzon had a Nordic sense of concern for nature which, in his design, emphasized the synthesis of form, material and function for social values. His fascination with the architectural legacies of the ancient Mayas, the Islamic world, China and Japan enhanced his vision.[9] This developed into what Utzon later referred to as Additive Architecture, comparing his approach to the growth patterns of nature.[10] A design can grow like a tree, he explained: "If it grows naturally, the architecture will look after itself."[11] Sydney Opera HouseIn 1957, Utzon unexpectedly won the competition to design the Sydney Opera House. His submission was one of 233 designs from 32 countries, many of them from the most famous architects of the time.[7] Although he had won six other architectural competitions previously, the Opera House was his first non-domestic project. One of the judges, Eero Saarinen, described it as "genius" and declared he could not endorse any other choice.[6] The designs Utzon submitted were little more than preliminary drawings. Concerned that delays would lead to lack of public support, the Cahill government of New South Wales nonetheless gave the go-ahead for work to begin in 1958. The British engineering consultancy Ove Arup and Partners put out tenders without adequate working drawings and construction work began on 2 March 1959. As a result, the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof and had to be rebuilt. The situation was complicated by Cahill's death in October 1959.[11][12] The extraordinary structure of the shells themselves represented a puzzle for the engineers. This was not resolved until 1961, when Utzon himself finally came up with the solution. He replaced the original elliptical shells with a design based on complex sections of a sphere. Utzon says his design was inspired by the simple act of peeling an orange: the 14 shells of the building, if combined, would form a perfect sphere.[7] Although Utzon had spectacular, innovative plans for the interior of these halls, he was unable to realise this part of his design. In mid-1965, the New South Wales Liberal government of Robert Askin was elected. Askin had been a 'vocal critic of the project prior to gaining office.'[13] His new Minister for Public Works, Davis Hughes, was even less sympathetic. Elizabeth Farrelly, Australian architecture critic has written that {{quote|text=at an election night dinner party in Mosman, Hughes's daughter Sue Burgoyne boasted that her father would soon sack Utzon. Hughes had no interest in art, architecture or aesthetics. A fraud, as well as a philistine, he had been exposed before Parliament and dumped as Country Party leader for 19 years of falsely claiming a university degree. The Opera House gave Hughes a second chance. For him, as for Utzon, it was all about control; about the triumph of homegrown mediocrity over foreign genius.[13]}}Utzon soon found himself in conflict with the new Minister. Attempting to rein in the escalating cost of the project, Hughes began questioning Utzon's capability, his designs, schedules and cost estimates, refusing to pay running costs. In 1966, after a final request from Utzon that plywood manufacturer Ralph Symonds should be one of the suppliers for the roof structure was refused, he resigned from the job, closed his Sydney office and vowed never to return to Australia.[11] When Utzon left, the shells were almost complete, and costs amounted to only $22.9 million. Following major changes to the original plans for the interiors, costs finally rose to $103 million.[7] The Opera House was finally completed, and opened in 1973 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The architect was not invited to the ceremony, nor was his name even mentioned during any of the speeches.[14] He was, however, to be recognised later when he was asked to design updates to the interior of the opera house. The Utzon Room, overlooking Sydney Harbour, was officially dedicated in October 2004. In a statement at the time Utzon wrote: "The fact that I'm mentioned in such a marvellous way, it gives me the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. I don't think you can give me more joy as the architect. It supersedes any medal of any kind that I could get and have got." Furthermore, Frank Gehry, one of the Pritzker Prize judges, commented: "Utzon made a building well ahead of its time, far ahead of available technology, and he persevered through extraordinarily malicious publicity and negative criticism to build a building that changed the image of an entire country."[15] Works in DenmarkWhile some of Utzon's most notable works are spread around the globe, he completed a number of projects in his native Denmark. Bagsværd Church, just north of Copenhagen, is considered to be a masterpiece of contemporary church architecture, thanks to its bright, naturally illuminated interior and its ceiling straddled with softly-rounded vaulting.[16] Designed in 1968, the church was completed in 1976.[17] The Kingo Houses in Helsingør (1958) consist of 63 L-shaped homes based on the design of traditional Danish farmhouses with central courtyards.[18] Built in rows following the undulations of the site, each of the houses not only has a view of its own but enjoys the best possible conditions for sunlight and shelter from the wind. Utzon described the arrangement as "flowers on the branch of a cherry tree, each turning towards the sun."[19] In general, Utzon's houses display sophisticated and varied relationships to the path of the sun.[20] A few years later, he went on to design the Fredensborg Houses (1963) for Danish pensioners who had worked for long periods abroad. Located on a site in natural surroundings and inspired by housing in Beijing's Forbidden City, the complex consists of 47 courtyard homes and 30 terraced houses as well as a central building with a restaurant, meeting rooms and nine guest rooms. The homes are located around a square in groups of three, all with entrances from the square.[19][21] His Paustian Furniture Store (1988) on Copenhagen's waterfront stands on a multitude of columns inspired by a beech forest.[22] A temple-like finish is achieved by 11 columns with fan-shaped capitals overlooking the harbour. Similar columns are also present inside the spacious interior, stretching up to the skylight dominating the roof.[23] In 2005, in close collaboration with his son Kim Utzon, he helped to plan the Utzon Center in Aalborg (completed 2008) designed to inspire young students of architecture. Located on the waterfront, its high sculptured roofs rise over an auditorium, a boathall and a library while the lower roofs of its exhibition rooms and workshops surround a central courtyard, sheltered from the wind.[24] Other worksKuwait's National Assembly Building, completed in 1982, stands on the sea front with (in Utzon's words) "haze and white light and an untidy town behind." Benefiting from an understanding of Islamic architecture, Utzon designed a building consisting of a covered square, a parliamentary chamber, a conference hall, and a mosque. Its waving roof conveys the impression of moving fabric.[25] Its columns are reminiscent of the Karnak temples.[5]The Melli Bank building in Tehran, slightly set back from the lines of the busy street where it stands, has a reinforced concrete frame faced with natural stone. The ground-level banking hall, naturally illuminated by skylight vaults, is connected to the upper floor by a central spiral staircase, providing maximum flexibility of space.[26] Later lifeOn his return from Australia in 1966, Utzon made a stop on Mallorca. Fascinated by the island, he decided to build a summer house there on the top of a cliff near the fishing village of Portopetro. Named Can Lis after his wife, the house was based on the home he had intended to build in Australia but was inspired by local materials and climate, setting standards for contemporary Mediterranean architecture. The house consists of five loosely linked blocks with a colonnaded outdoor area, a living room and two bedrooms, each with its own courtyard.[27][28] Although Utzon and his wife spent an increasing amount of time on Mallorca, they became disturbed by all the tourists who came to see their home. They decided to move to a more remote area in the mountains where they built a second house known as Can Feliz, consisting of three blocks for dining, living and sleeping, separated by courtyards. The upper part of the grand theatrical living space is furnished for working with heavy timber bookcases and a large table. A huge window provides magnificent views of the pine forests and the sea beyond.[27] The Utzon Center in Aalborg, designed together with his son Kim, was the architect's last assignment. In 2005 he commented, "From the bottom of my heart, I hope that the Utzon Center will be a place where positive thoughts converge and where students from the School of Architecture gather when they want to get together to discuss their ideas. It is intended to be a power centre for the architects and people of the future."[29] Utzon died in Copenhagen on 29 November 2008, aged 90, of a heart attack in his sleep after a series of operations. He had never returned to Australia to see the completed opera house.[30][31] On 2 December 2008 the Parliament of New South Wales passed a special motion of condolence to honour Utzon's life and work.[32] He was survived by his wife, Lis, his sons Jan and Kim, his daughter Lin, and several grandchildren. His sons are trained architects and his daughter is a designer,[15] muralist and artist who was at one time married to the Australian architect Alex Popov.[33] Buildings and projects
Written works
Awards and recognitionOn 17 May 1985, Utzon was made an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).[47] He was given the Keys to the City of Sydney in 1998.[48] He was involved in redesigning the Opera House, and in particular, the Reception Hall, beginning in 1999.[49] In 2003, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Sydney; his son accepted the award on his behalf.[50] In 2003, he received the Pritzker Prize, architecture's highest honor.[51] In March 2006, Queen Elizabeth II opened the western colonnade addition to the building designed by Utzon who had not returned to Australia since 1966. His son, Jan, took his place at the opening ceremony instead, saying his father was "too old by now to take the long flight to Australia. But he lives and breathes the Opera House, and as its creator he just has to close his eyes to see it."[52] On 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House was declared a World Heritage Site.[53] Following Utzon's death in 2008, on 25 March 2009, a state memorial and reconciliation concert was held in the Concert Hall at Sydney Opera House.[54]
InfluenceAccording to Kenneth Frampton, Utzon's architectural influence is manifest on three levels: the emphasis given to the roof element, the importance given to the grounding of the building, and the commitment to "the cultural validity of organic growth".[65] Kim Dirkinck-Holmfeld, writing in Dansk Arkitektur: 1960–1995, comments: Utzon did not obtain many commissions in his mother country but his importance was considerable in terms of direct imitation or inspiration. And he was the only Danish architect who made a significant contribution to the global development of Modernism.[66] See also
References1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2008/11/29/sydney-opera-house-designer-joern-utzon-dies-at-90/ |title=Sydney Opera House designer Joern Utzon dies at 90|date=29 November 2008|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2016-10-24}} 2. ^{{cite web |author=Kathy Marks |title=World Heritage honour for 'daring' Sydney Opera House |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/world-heritage-honour-for-daring-sydney-opera-house-455193.html |work=The Independent |publisher=Independent News & Media |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=14 September 2009 |authorlink=Kathy Marks |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108032541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/world-heritage-honour-for-daring-sydney-opera-house-455193.html |archivedate=8 January 2010 }} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Thomas Arvid Jaeger: Joern Utzons maritime roots.|url=https://www.academia.edu/3029803/Joern_Utzons_maritime_roots|website=Academia.edu}} 4. ^Kasper Krogh, "Jørn Utzon – visionens mester", Berlingste Tidende, 29 November 2008. {{Da icon}} Retrieved 18 September 2011. 5. ^1 2 [https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do?kunstnerId=11159&wsektion=alle Tobias Faber "Jørn Utzon"], Kunstindekx Danmark & Weilbachskunstnerleksikon. {{Da icon}} Retrieved 18 September 2011. 6. ^1 [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3536087/Jorn-Utzon.html Jorn Utzon from Telegraph], 30 November 2008. 7. ^1 2 3 4 "Jørn Utzon (1918–2008)", Danishnet.com. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://famedarchitect.com/jorn-utzon/|title=Jørn Utzon|publisher=Famous Architects|accessdate=2010-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710230741/http://famedarchitect.com/jorn-utzon/|archive-date=10 July 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^Adrian Carter, "Between Earth and Sky: The work of Jørn Utzon, as an exemplary phenomenological approach to modern architecture made concrete." Retrieved 25 September 2011. 10. ^Richard Weston on Additive Architecture, Jorn Utzon, Logbook Vol V {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315052524/http://www.edition-blondal.dk/logbook-v/ |date=15 March 2012 }}, Edition Bløndal. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 11. ^1 2 3 "Jørn Utzon: Danish architect who designed the Sydney Opera House", The Times, 1 December 2008. 12. ^"Utzon, Jorn, 1918–2008: Jorn Utzon Sydney Opera House collection, 1956–1967", State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 13. ^1 Farrelly, Elizabeth, "High noon at Bennelong Point" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203041426/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/national/national/general/high-noon-at-bennelong-point/1374056.aspx?storypage=0 |date=3 December 2008 }}, Canberra Times. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 14. ^The Age: Obituary 15. ^1 Christopher Hawthorne, "Jorn Utzon dies at 90; Danish architect of Sydney Opera House", Los Angeles Times, 30 November 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 16. ^"Bagsværd Kirke (1976)" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313041148/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2520 |date=13 March 2012 }}, Dansk Arkitektur Center. {{Da icon}} Retrieved 15 September 2011. 17. ^Michael Asgaard Andersen, "Revisiting Utzon’s Bagsværd Church"{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nordisk Arkitekturforskning. 2005: 2, p. 95 et seq. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 18. ^Møller, Henrik Sten and Udsen, Vibe: Jørn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Copenhagen, {{ISBN|87-987597-3-6}} 19. ^1 "Jørn Utzon, 2003 laureate, Biography" {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/62htZ9HSn?url=http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2003/_downloads/2003_bio.pdf |date=25 October 2011 }}, PritzkerPrize.com. Retrieved 17 September 2011. 20. ^{{cite web| title = Jørn Utzon's sun-responsive houses| publisher = solarhousehistory.com| url = http://solarhousehistory.com/blog/2014/9/13/jrn-utzons-sun-responsive-houses}} 21. ^"Utzons Fredensborghuse" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115015110/http://www.danes.dk/index.dsp?area=54 |date=15 November 2012 }}, Danes Worldwide. {{Da icon}} Retrieved 18 September 2011. 22. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313025656/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonSide.asp?artikelID=2795 "Kocept: Arcsite Kanon"], Dansk Architektur Center. {{Da icon}} Retrieved 18 September 2011. 23. ^Kim Dirkinck-Holmfeld, "Dansk Arkitektur 1960–1995", Arkitektens Forlag, Copenhagen 1995, p. 326. {{ISBN|978-87-7407-112-9}} 24. ^"Utzon Center"{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Kim Utzon Arkitekter. Retrieved 22 September 2011. 25. ^"Kuwait National Assembly, 1972–82, by Jorn Utzon, 2003 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate". About.com. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 26. ^"Bank Melli" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112124122/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=510 |date=12 January 2012 }}, Arch Net. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 27. ^1 "Can Lis and Can Feliz in Mallorca, by Jørn Utzon", Stories of Houses. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 28. ^"Can Lis" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313025745/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2725 |date=13 March 2012 }}, Dansk Arkitectur Center. {{Da icon}} Retrieved 24 September 2011. 29. ^"Utzon Center" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624092730/http://www.utzoncenter.dk/en/home_02/regarding_utzon_center/ |date=24 June 2011 }}. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5ikmCHVv0stlSnIJYFrpEDVBq8I3wD94OM2F00|title=Sydney Opera House designer Joern Utzon dies at 90|last=OLSEN|first=Jan|date=29 November 2008|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2008-11-29}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/arts/design/30utzon.htm|title=Jorn Utzon, 90, Dies; Created Sydney Opera House|last=BERNSTEIN|first=FRED|date=29 November 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-12-04}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LA20081202021|title=Ministerial Statement, Death of Joern Utzon|date=2 December 2008|publisher=Hansard|accessdate=2009-04-28}} 33. ^McGillick.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327181635/http://www.mcgillick.com/pdf/Alex%20Popov.pdf |date=27 March 2014 }} 34. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://nordicinnovation.org/Global/_Publications/Reports/2010/07174_futurenordicconcretearchitecture_web.pdf | title=Future Nordic Concrete Architecture | publisher=Nordic Innovation Centre | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 35. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3536087/Jorn-Utzon.html | title=Jorn Utzon | publisher=The Telegraph | date=29 November 2008 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 36. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.brick.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/BB%20Spring%202009.pdf | title=Brick Bulletin | publisher=Brick Development Association | date=2009 | accessdate=9 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042653/http://brick.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/BB%20Spring%202009.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} 37. ^1 {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMSCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&lpg=PT137&dq=jorn+utzon+Elineberg+Housing&source=bl&ots=heTNzbznrM&sig=1TU_Az9Ba1NU_Seyoe89PdbFX60&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj76qTCp5bTAhVI1hQKHYy9CsM4ChDoAQhAMAg#v=onepage&q=jorn%20utzon%20Elineberg%20Housing&f=false | title=Nordic Modernism: Scandinavian Architecture 1890–2017 | publisher=The Crowood Press | author=Miller, William | year=2016}} 38. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/2008-10-13/utzons-lundahus-far-starkt-skydd | title=Utzons Lundahus får stärkt skydd | publisher=Sydsvenskan | date=13 October 2008 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 39. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/travel/opera-house-wins-top-status/2007/06/28/1182624058781.html | title=Opera House wins top status | publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=28 June 2007 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 40. ^{{cite web | url=https://archnet.org/sites/379/media_contents/15835 | title=Bank Melli | publisher=Archnet | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 41. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ev9rhS2sFIC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=espansiva+jorn+utzon&source=bl&ots=f9sZ5dSUrx&sig=HhRqmgxM0HfjwqOZxcNsjRhsVOU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJgf6Bq5bTAhVJGsAKHSCkBh04ChDoAQgxMAM#v=onepage&q=espansiva%20jorn%20utzon&f=false | title=Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling, Part 1 | publisher=The Museum of Modern Art | author=Bergdoll, Barry; Christensen, Peter | year=2008 | pages=29}} 42. ^{{cite web | url=http://architectureau.com/articles/can-lis/ | title=Utzon's Island Escape | publisher=Architecture AU | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 43. ^"Utzon Architects: Skagen Odde Nature Center", ArcSpace.com. Retrieved 21 September 2011. 44. ^Line Christensen, "Regarding Utzon Center" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624092730/http://www.utzoncenter.dk/en/home_02/regarding_utzon_center/ |date=24 June 2011 }}, Utzoncenter.dk. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 45. ^"[UTZON, JORN]. Zodiac 5. International Magazine of Contemporary Architecture" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117212709/http://antiqbook.com/boox/ney/8031.shtml |date=17 November 2011 }}, Antiqbook. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 46. ^"Utzon, Jorn. Zodiac 14. Milan 1965" Retrieved 23 September 2011 47. ^It's an Honour: AC 48. ^{{cite web | url=http://architectureau.com/articles/jan-gehl-awarded-key-to-the-city-of-sydney/ | title=Jan Gehl awarded key to the City of Sydney | publisher=Architecture AU | date=9 February 2017 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 49. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/jan-utzon-on-the-past-and-future-of-the-sydney-opera-house_o | title=Jan Utzon on the Past and Future of the Sydney Opera House | publisher=Architect Magazine | date=11 October 2013 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 50. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/europe/30iht-obit.4.18267087.html | title=Sydney Opera House's designer dies | publisher=The New York Times | date=30 November 2008 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 51. ^Sydney Morning Herald – his death 52. ^"Jørn Utzon Biography" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907075835/http://jornutzon.sydneyoperahouse.com/biography.htm |date=7 September 2011 }}, Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 23 September 2011. 53. ^Unesco website: Sydney Opera House 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25239988-5013438,00.html|title=Sydney Opera House architect Joern Utzon remembered|date=25 March 2009|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=2009-04-28}} 55. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.akademiraadet.dk/index.php?id=95 | title=Tildelinger af medaljer C.F. Hansen Medaillen | publisher=Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts | accessdate=9 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202093758/http://www.akademiraadet.dk/index.php?id=95 | archive-date=2 February 2015 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} 56. ^{{cite web | url=https://dynamic.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=1.17.51.443 | title=Gold Medal | publisher=Australian Institute of Architects | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 57. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.architecture.com/RIBA/Awards/RoyalGoldMedal/175Exhibition/WinnersBiogs/1970s.aspx | title=1970s | publisher=Royal Institute of British Architects | accessdate=9 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201235/https://www.architecture.com/RIBA/Awards/RoyalGoldMedal/175Exhibition/WinnersBiogs/1970s.aspx | archive-date=9 April 2017 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} 58. ^{{cite web | url=http://veluxfoundations.dk/en/awards/daylight-award | title=The Daylight Award | publisher=The Velux Foundations | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 59. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.canadianarchitect.com/architecture/alvar-aalto-medal-awarded-to-danish-firm-tegnestuen-vandkunsten/1000091065/ | title=Alvar Aalto Medal awarded to Danish firm Tegnestuen Vandkunsten | publisher=Canadian Architect | date=1 February 2009 | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 60. ^{{cite web|title=Nykredit Architecture Prize |url=http://www.nykredit.dk/omnykredit/info/virksomhed/nykredits-arkitekturpris.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220131650/http://www.nykredit.dk/omnykredit/info/virksomhed/nykredits-arkitekturpris.xml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=20 February 2010 |work=Nykredit website |publisher=Nykredit Holding A/S |accessdate=30 November 2013 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=Danish |year=2013 }} 61. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.wolffund.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=winners&cs=423 | title=Jorn Utzon Winner of Wolf Prize in Architecture – 1992 | publisher=Wolf Foundation | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 62. ^{{cite web | url=http://event.ku.dk/sonning_prize/recipients/ | title=Sonning Prize recipients | publisher=University of Copenhagen | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 63. ^{{cite web|title=7th International Architecture Exhibition|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/architecture/history/7.html|publisher=La Biennale di Venezia|accessdate=21 September 2016}} 64. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2003/0416/news_1-1.html | title=Jørn Utzon Pritzker Prize | publisher=Architecture Week | accessdate=9 April 2017}} 65. ^Frampton, Kenneth: "Between Artifice and Nature" in Louisiana Revy Vol.44 No.2 Jørn Utzon: The Architects Universe", Louisiana Museum of Art, 2004 66. ^Kim Dirkinck-Holmfeld, Dansk Arkitektur: 1960–1995, Arkitektens Forlag, 1995, p. 18–20. Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Buildings by Jørn Utzon}}
18 : Jørn Utzon buildings|Jørn Utzon buildings in Denmark|1918 births|2008 deaths|Architects from Copenhagen|Modernist architects from Denmark|Pritzker Architecture Prize winners|Recipients of the C.F. Hansen Medal|Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal|Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal|Recipients of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects’ Gold Medal|Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia|Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects|Wolf Prize in Arts laureates|People from Aalborg|Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni|20th-century Danish architects|Honorary Members of the Royal Academy |
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开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。