“J. Denis Summers-Smith”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

James Denis Summers-Smith (born 25 October 1920) is a British ornithologist and mechanical engineer, a specialist both in sparrows and in industrial tribology.

Early life

Summers-Smith was raised in Glasgow, where he was born in 1920.^[1] He spent childhood holidays in County Donegal, in northwestern Ireland, where one of his uncles, a country parson and a naturalist, taught him about birds. For nearly six years of World War II, Summers-Smith was an intelligence officer in the British Army.^[2] He received his commission in 1940,^[2] and reached the rank of captain. He served with the 9th Battalion, The Cameronians, stationed on the east coast of England. During that time he had little time for birdwatching, except when surveying "such likely spots for invasion" as coastal marshes in Suffolk.^[3] Summers-Smith was among the second wave of troops involved in the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944. He was badly wounded in a later action in Normandy, as a result of which he spent 18 months in hospital.

Career

After the war, Summers-Smith was employed as a mechanical engineer by Imperial Chemical Industries.^[1]^[4] He obtained several degrees in engineering around this time, and a PhD in physics in 1953.^[5] In 1975, Summers-Smith received one of the three annual Tribology Silver Medals given by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.^[5] His job as an engineer allowed him to travel widely, and he used trips abroad as opportunities to study sparrows.^[3]

Ornithology

Summers-Smith began his study of the house sparrow in 1947. He decided to make a serious study of a particular bird species, and chose the house sparrow because of the difficulty of travel at the time, under post-war rationing.^[3] Summers-Smith has studied the house sparrow in Highclere, Hampshire; in Hartburn, County Durham; and latterly at Guisborough in North Yorkshire, where he settled in 1961.^[3] During these studies, he was questioned by a policeman on the street twice for looking around yards with binoculars at early hours. Summers-Smith was a founding member of his local bird club (The Teesmouth Bird Club) in 1960, and he wrote the instructions for the British Trust for Ornithology's first Common Bird Census in 1962.^[4] His study of the house sparrow resulted not only in a number of papers in respected journals, but also in his 1963 monograph The House Sparrow, published as part of the New Naturalist Monographs series.^[6]^[7]^[8] After The House Sparrow was published, Summers-Smith began studying the house sparrow's relatives in the genus Passer.^[9] Over the course of these studies, he visited dozens of countries, and made observations on all the Passer species (recognised in his classification) except the Socotra sparrow.^[4]^[10] This research into the sparrows as a whole resulted in a monograph on the genus Passer, published in 1988 as The Sparrows, and one on the Eurasian tree sparrow, the 1995 The Tree Sparrow, both of which were illustrated by Robert Gillmor. He also wrote In Search of Sparrows, an account of his worldwide travels researching sparrows.^[9] In 1992, Summers-Smith received the Zoological Society of London's Stamford Raffles Award, for his "world-renowned work on sparrows".^[11]

In The House Sparrow, Summers-Smith predicted that the house sparrow would have "a bright future", but instead it went into a severe decline in many parts of the world, beginning in the 1970s.^[12] Summers-Smith studied this decline extensively, but he called it "one of the most remarkable wildlife mysteries of the last fifty years". When The Independent offered a £5,000 prize for an explanation of the decline of the house sparrow in 2000, Summers-Smith acted as a referee.^[13] In 2008, the prize was almost awarded to Dr. Kate Vincent of De Montfort University and several colleagues, who attributed the decline of the house sparrow to falling insect numbers.^[14]^[15]

In 2009, Summers-Smith was the author of the section of the Handbook of the Birds of the World on the family Passeridae.^[16]

Bibliography

References

1. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/the-secret-life-of-sparrows-410252.html|title=The secret life of sparrows|author=McCarthy, Michael|date=2 August 2006|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=5 April 2010}}
2. ^{{London Gazette |issue=34981 |supp=y |page=6236 |date=29 October 1940}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|last=Summers-Smith |first=J. Denis|title=In Search of Sparrows|publisher=T. & A. D. Poyser |year=1992 |location=London |isbn=978-0-85661-073-8|others=illustrated by Euan Dunn}}
4. ^¹²{{cite journal|author=Parker, Ted|year=2006|url=http://www.teesmouthbc.com/Newsletters/tbcn035.pdf|title=Profile – Denis Summers-Smith|journal=Teesmouth Bird Club Newsletter}}
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.tribology.co.uk/contacts/ds.htm|title=Principle and Associate Consultants: Denis Summers-Smith BSc PhD CEng FIMechE|publisher=Neale Consulting Engineers|accessdate=26 March 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110924160541/http://www.tribology.co.uk/contacts/ds.htm|archivedate=24 September 2011}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Summers-Smith|first=J. Denis|title=The House Sparrow |publisher=Collins|series=New Naturalist|edition=1st |year=1963 |location=London}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Lowther, Peter E. |author2=Cink, Calvin L.|year=2006|title=House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)|journal=The Birds of North America Online|editor=Poole, A.|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/012|doi=10.2173/bna.12|accessdate=21 April 2010}}
8. ^{{cite journal|title=Review of The House Sparrow|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v082n02/p0289-p0302.pdf|year=1965|volume=82|issue=2|pages=289–302|journal=The Auk|author=Heimerdinger, Mary A.}}
9. ^¹{{cite journal|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v111n04/p1028-p1036.pdf|author=Breitwisch, Randall|year=1994|journal=The Auk|title=Review of In Search of Sparrows|volume=111|issue=4|pages=1028–1036}}
10. ^{{cite journal|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v102n03/p0562-p0570.pdf|author=Clench, Mary H.|title=Review of The Sparrows: a Study of the Genus Passer|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=102|issue=3|year=1990|pages=562–570}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://static.zsl.org/files/stamford-raffles-534.pdf|format=PDF|title=Stamford Raffles Award Winners|publisher=Zoological Society of London|accessdate=21 April 2010}}
12. ^{{cite journal|author1=De Laet, J. |author2=Summers-Smith, J. D. |year=2007|title=The status of the urban house sparrow Passer domesticus in north-western Europe: a review|journal=Journal of Ornithology|volume=148|issue=Supplement 2|doi=10.1007/s10336-007-0154-0|pages=275–278}}
13. ^{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Michael|title=It was once a common or garden bird. Now it's not common or in your garden. Why?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/it-was-once-a-common-or-garden-bird-now-its-not-common-or-in-your-garden-why-718073.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=16 May 2000|accessdate=12 December 2009}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Mystery of the vanishing sparrow|author=McCarthy, Michael|date=20 November 2008|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=17 January 2009|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/mystery-of-the-vanishing-sparrow-1026319.html}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/mystery-of-the-vanishing-sparrows-still-baffles-scientists-10-years-on-2056309.html|title=Mystery of the vanishing sparrows still baffles scientists 10 years on |date=19 August 2010|last=McCarthy|first=Michael|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=24 September 2011}}
16. ^{{cite book|first=J. Denis|last=Summers-Smith|editor=del Hoyo, Josep|editor2=Elliott, Andrew|editor3=Christie, David|contribution=Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows|year=2009|location=Barcelona|publisher=Lynx Edicions|isbn=978-84-96553-50-7|title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World}}