| 词条 | Kalayaan, Palawan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = {{PH wikidata|name}} | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_seal = Ph seal kalayaan.png | seal_size = 100x80px | image_map = {{PH wikidata|image_map}} | map_caption = {{PH wikidata|map_caption}} | image_map1 = {{Infobox mapframe|id={{#invoke:Wikibase|id}}}} | pushpin_map = South China Sea#Philippines | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in South China Sea and {{PH wikidata|country}} | coordinates = {{PH wikidata|coordinates}} | settlement_type = {{PH wikidata|settlement_type}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Philippines}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = {{PH wikidata|region}} | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = {{PH wikidata|province}} | official_name = {{PH wikidata|official_name}} | native_name = | other_name = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name3 = 1st District of Palawan | established_title = Founded | established_date = June 11, 1978 | parts_type = Barangays | parts_style = para | p1 = 1 (Pag-asa) | leader_title = {{PH wikidata|leader_title}} | leader_name = Eugenio B. Bito-onon Jr. | leader_title1 = Vice Mayor | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = Congressman | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = SP Board member | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = Electorate | leader_name4 = {{PH wikidata|electorate}} voters (electorate_point_in_time}}|{{PH wikidata|electorate_point_in_time}}) | government_type = {{PH wikidata|government_type}} | government_footnotes = {{thinsp}}[1] | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | area_footnotes = {{PSGC detail|area}} | area_total_km2 = {{PH wikidata|area}} | population_footnotes = {{PH census|current}} | population_total = {{PH wikidata|population_total}} | population_as_of = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_rank = | population_note = | timezone = PST | utc_offset = +8 | postal_code_type = ZIP code | postal_code = {{PH wikidata|postal_code}} | postal2_code_type = {{PSGCstyle}} | postal2_code = {{PSGC detail}} | area_code_type = {{areacodestyle}} | area_code = {{PH wikidata|area_code}} | website = {{PH wikidata|website}} | blank_name_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|climate_title}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|climate_type}} | blank1_name_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|income_class_title}} | blank1_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|income_class}} | blank2_name_sec1 = Revenue (₱) | blank2_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|revenue}} {{PH wikidata|revenue_point_in_time}} | blank3_name_sec1 = Poverty incidence | blank3_info_sec1 = | blank4_name_sec1 = Inflation rate | blank4_info_sec1 = | blank5_name_sec1 = Minimum wage rate (₱) | blank5_info_sec1 = | blank6_name_sec1 = Sister localities | blank6_info_sec1 = | blank7_name_sec1 = | blank7_info_sec1 = | blank_name_sec2 = Native languages | blank_info_sec2 = {{PH wikidata|language}} | blank1_name_sec2 = Major religions | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = Feast date | blank2_info_sec2 = | blank3_name_sec2 = Catholic diocese | blank3_info_sec2 = | blank4_name_sec2 = Patron saint | blank4_info_sec2 = | blank5_name_sec2 = | blank5_info_sec2 = | blank6_name_sec2 = | blank6_info_sec2 = | blank7_name_sec2 = | blank7_info_sec2 = | footnotes = }} {{PH wikidata|name}}, officially the {{PH wikidata|official_name}}, is a {{PH wikidata|income_class_ordinal}} settlement_text}} of the Philippines|{{PH wikidata|settlement_text}} in the province of {{PH wikidata|province}}, {{PH wikidata|country}}. According to the {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, it has a population of {{PH wikidata|population_total}} people.{{PH census|current}} Part of the Spratly Group of Islands, situated within the South China Sea, the Kalayaan municipality, which includes the Pagasa (Thitu) island, is 280 nautical miles north-west of Puerto Princesa and {{convert|932|km}} south-west of Metro Manila. It consist of a single barangay located on Pag-asa Island, which also serves as the seat of the municipal government. It is the least populated municipality in the Philippines. Kalayaan's annual budget is 47 million pesos (about $1.1 million).[2] Pag-asa Island has an airstrip, a 5-bed lying-in clinic, and a small elementary school.[3] Once a strictly a military installation, Pag-asa was opened to civilian settlement in 2002.[3][4] HistoryThere are records of the island having been inhabited, at various times in history, by the Chinese and by people from the Champa Kingdom of Vietnam, and during the second world war, French Indochina and Imperial Japanese troops.[5][6][7] However, there were no large settlements on these islands till 1956, when Filipino lawyer, businessman, adventurer and fishing magnate Tomás Cloma decided to "claim" a part of Spratly islands as his own, naming it the "Free Territory of Freedomland".[8] In 1946, Vice President Elpidio Quirino reiterated the Southern Islands, the forerunner name for Kalayaan, as part of the Philippines.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} In 1947, Tomás Cloma "discovered" a group of several uninhabited and unoccupied islands/islets in the vastness of the Luzon Sea.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} On May 11, 1956, together with forty men, Tomás Cloma took formal possession of the islands, lying some 380 miles west of the southern end of Palawan and named them the "Free Territory of Freedomland". Four days later Cloma issued and posted copies of his "Notice to the Whole World" on each of the islands as "a decisive manifestation of unwavering claim over the territory".{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} On May 31, 1956, Cloma declared the establishment of the Free Territory of Freedomland, ten days after he sent his second representation to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs,{{which|date=December 2014}} informing the latter that the territory claimed was named "Freedomland".{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} On July 6, 1956, Cloma declared to the whole world his claim and the establishment of a separate government for the "Free Territory of Freedomland" with its capital on Flat Island (Patag Island). His declaration was met with violent and unfriendly reactions from several neighboring countries especially the Republic of China (ROC; on Taiwan since 1949) when on September 24, 1956 it effectively garrisoned the nearby island of Itu Aba and intercepted Cloma's men and vessels found within its immediate waters. In 1974, Cloma ceded his rights over the islands for one peso, after being imprisoned by Ferdinand Marcos.[9] Presidential Decree 1596President Ferdinand E. Marcos created the Municipality of Kalayaan by signing PD 1596[10] into law on June 11, 1978. This established what the document described as "a distinct and separate municipality of the Province of Palawan". PD 1596 defined the boundaries of the municipality as follows: From a point [on the Philippine Treaty Limits] at latitude 7º40' North and longitude 116º00' East of Greenwich, thence due West along the parallel of 7º40' N to its intersection with the meridian of longitude 112º10' E, thence due north along the meridian of 112º10' E to its intersection with the parallel of 9º00' N, thence north-eastward to the intersection of parallel of 12º00' N with the meridian of longitude 114º30' E, thence, due East along the parallel of 12º00' N to its intersection with the meridian of 118º00' E, thence, due South along the meridian of longitude 118º00' E to its intersection with the parallel of 10º00' N, thence Southwestwards to the point of beginning at 7º40' N, latitude and 116º00' E longitude. i.e. 7º40'N 116º00'E; west to 7º40'N 112º10'E; north to 9º00'N 112º10'E; NE to 12º00'N 114º30'E; east to 12º00'N 118º00'E; south to 10º00'N 118º00'E; SW to 7º40'N 116º00'E. Republic Act 9522Republic Act 9522 of 2009,[11] which defined the archipelagic baselines of the Philippines, claimed sovereignty over the Kalayaan Island Group under Section 2, sub-paragraph A which described the territory as a "Regime of Islands"—a concept defined in the United Nation Convention on Law of the Sea for similar bodies of land.[12] Rival claimsIn addition to the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Vietnam claim all claim the Spratley Archipelago either as a whole or in part. The Philippines occupies 10 reefs and islands. The People's Republic of China presently occupies seven (7) reefs. The Republic of China (Taiwan)'s solitary island is the largest in the archipelago at approximately 43 hectares. Vietnam occupies 21 islets and reefs. Malaysia claims 7 reefs including Layang Layang which currently hosts a naval base and a diving resort.[13] Interest in the archipelago was reportedly triggered by Cloma’s declaration and subsequent assertion by the Philippines. In March 1976, President Marcos issued the Letter of Instruction (LOI) No.1-76 organizing the AFP Western Command based in Palawan in response to the heightening conflict of interest in the region and to abate any untoward incident. GeographyThe Municipality of Kalayaan is located in the western section of the Province of Palawan. It consists of one barangay, Pag-asa, and currently exercises jurisdiction over eight islets (four of which are cays) and three reefs, with an aggregate land area of approximately 79 hectares. They are:
TopographyThe islets that comprise the Municipality are generally flat. The highest ground elevation is approximately two (2) meters above sea level. Demographics{{Philippine Census| align= none | title= Population census of Kalayaan | 1903 = | 1918 = | 1939 = | 1948 = | 1960 = | 1970 = | 1975 = | 1980 = 334 | 1990 = 50 | 1995 = 349 | 2000 = 223 | 2007 = 114 | 2010 = 222 | 2015 = 184 | 2020 = | 2025 = | 2030 = | footnote= Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} }} In the {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}, the population of Kalayaan was {{PH wikidata|population_total}} people,{{PH census|current}} with a density of {{convert|{{sigfig|{{PH wikidata|population_total}}/{{PH wikidata|area}}|2}}|PD/km2|disp=or}}. InfrastructureRancudo AirfieldPag-asa island hosts a 1,300 meter runway constructed in the early 70s on orders of MGEN Jose Rancudo, Commanding General of the Philippine Air Forces. In February 1992,[14] the Armed Forces of the Philippines named the runway "Rancudo Airfield" in honor of its architect. TelecommunicationsSmart Telecommunications established a cell site, connected to its main network via VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal), on the island in 2005 making normal GSM-based cellphone communication with the island possible. The first call on the system took place on June 12 at 5:18 PM between the mayor of the municipality at the time and a Smart Telecom executive. The company completed a maintenance visit to the cell site in 2011, thus ensuring continued operation of the facility.[15] EnvironmentOn June 8, 1982, Kota (Loaita) and Panata (Lankiam) islands were designated are marine turtle sanctuaries by the Ministry of National Resources (MNR) Administrative Order No.8.[16] PoliticsThe first recorded election in Kalayaan was on January 30, 1980 where Mr. Aloner M. Heraldo was elected as the first Municipal Mayor. The Municipality of Kalayaan "demilitarized" on January 18, 1988, and the first appointed Mayor, Alejandro Rodriguez, was replaced by his appointed Vice Mayor, Gaudencio R. Avencena. The first free election was held on May 11, 1992, where mostly young Municipal officers under the leadership of Mayor Gil D. Policarpio served for nine years (1992-2001). A new administration assumed office on July 2, 2001, when Mayor Rosendo L. Mantes won the election on May 14, 2001. The current Mayor, Roberto M. Del Mundo, won in upset victory on May 9, 2016.[17][18] See also{{portal|Islands|Philippines}}
References1. ^{{DILG detail}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303480304579576380113652304|title=Countries Around South China Sea Bolster Claims With Island Outposts}} 3. ^1 {{cite news |last=Esmaquel II |first=Paterno |title=PH town 'no match' vs China's Sansha City |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/8824-ph-town-no-match-vs-china-s-sansha |accessdate=21 March 2014 |newspaper=Rappler |date=19 July 2014}} 4. ^Angelina G. Goloy "Promise of Pag-asa", Manila Standard, Manila, 22 August 2005. Retrieved on 10 October 2005. 5. ^{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://www.spratlys.org/history/spratly-islands-history-timeline.htm |work=History of the Spratlys |publisher=www.spratlys.org |accessdate=21 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140321055855/http://www.spratlys.org/history/spratly-islands-history-timeline.htm |archivedate=21 March 2014 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Chemillier-Gendreau |first= Monique |title= Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands |year=2000 |publisher=Kluwer Law International |isbn=9041113819}} 7. ^{{cite book |title= China Sea pilot, Volume 1 (8th Edition) |year=2010 |publisher= UKHO - United Kingdom Hydrographic Office |location= Taunton |url= https://www.ukho.gov.uk/PRODUCTSANDSERVICES/PAPERPUBLICATIONS/Pages/NauticalPubs.aspx |accessdate=2014-06-26}} 8. ^{{cite news |title=China and Philippines: The reasons why a battle for Zhongye (Pag-asa) Island seems unavoidable |url=http://chinadailymail.com/2014/01/13/the-reasons-why-a-battle-for-zhongye-pag-asa-island-seems-unavoidable/ |accessdate=21 March 2014 |newspaper=China Daily Mail |date=13 January 2014}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Womack |first=Brantly |title=China and Vietnam |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kzBWq44_VSUC&pg=PA218&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= Cambridge University Press |accessdate=March 4, 2012 |page=218 footnote 18}} 10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1596.html#.UhBdU5LMB8E |title=PD 1596 |publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library |location=Pasig City, Philippines |accessdate=17 August 2013}} 11. ^"Republic Act 9522" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102041453/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/ra_14/RA09522.pdf |date=2013-11-02 }}, Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, Manila, 10 March 2009. Retrieved on 24 August 2013. 12. ^[https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part8.htm "UNCLOS Part VIII"], United Nations, New York, 10 December 1982. Retrieved on 24 August 2013. 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.avillionlayanglayang.com/ |title=Layang Layang |publisher=Avillon |accessdate=18 August 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://pmaaai.com/featured-articles/37-general-article/84-kalayaan-chain-of-islands.html |title=Kalayaan Chain of Islands |publisher=Philippine Military Academy Alumni Association |accessdate=20 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130821044130/http://pmaaai.com/featured-articles/37-general-article/84-kalayaan-chain-of-islands.html |archivedate=21 August 2013 |df= }} 15. ^"RP’s remotest town freed from isolation"{{dead link|date=June 2014}}, Manila Bulletin, Manila, 13 June 2005. Retrieved on 23 May 2006. 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chm.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=443:lgu-kalayaan-and-afp-in-palawan-&catid=42:news-and-events&Itemid=158 |title= PCP-LGU Kalayaan and AFP in Palawan |publisher=Philippine Clearing House Mechanism for Biodiversity |accessdate=18 August 2013}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/05/17/943200/chinese-warship-chases-kalayaan-town-boat-carrying-mayor-elect |title=Chinese warship chases Kalayaan town boat carrying mayor-elect |publisher=Philippine Star |accessdate=22 August 2013}} 18. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2013/10/27/south-china-sea/ A Game of Shark and Minnow], NY Times Magazine, 27 October 2013. Further reading
External links{{Wikivoyage|Kalayaan}}
| Centre = Kalayaan | Northeast = West Philippine Sea | Southeast = Rizal | East = West Philippine Sea | South = West Philippine Sea | West = South China Sea | Northwest = Sansha / South China Sea }}{{Palawan}}{{Philippines administrative divisions}}{{Philippine territorial disputes}}{{Spratly Islands topics}} 4 : Municipalities of Palawan|Kalayaan, Palawan|Spratly Islands|Island municipalities in the Philippines |
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