| 词条 | Jesse I. Straus |
| 释义 |
| birth_name=Jesse Isidor Straus | image=Jesse Straus 1933.jpg | image_width=200px | order= | ambassador_from=United States | country=France | term_start= 1933 | term_end= 1936 | predecessor=Walter Evans Edge | successor=William C. Bullitt | president=Franklin D. Roosevelt | birth_date= June 25, 1872 | birth_place= | death_date= {{Death date and age|1936|10|4|1872|6|25}} | death_place= | party=Democratic | profession= | spouse= Irma Nathan (1895-1936) (until his death) | children= 1 }} Jesse Isidor Straus (June 25, 1872 – October 4, 1936) served as the American ambassador to France from 1933 to 1936. Life and careerJesse Straus was born in Manhattan, the eldest son of the German immigrants Isidor Straus (1845–1912) and Ida Straus (1849-1912), both of whom died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Isidor was co-owner of the department store R.H. Macy & Co., along with his brother Nathan Straus. His uncle Oscar Solomon Straus (1850–1926) was the first Jewish United States Cabinet Secretary, serving as Secretary of Commerce and Labor from 1906 to 1909. He graduated from Harvard College in 1893. He and his brothers Percy and Herbert, both also Harvard graduates, donated funds that built Straus Hall in Harvard Yard.[1] After college Jesse Straus was made to gain outside business experience before joining the family business. He worked as a clerk at the Manufacturers Hanover Corporation for a year and a half and then for a similar period as a department store salesman at Abraham & Straus, a Macy's rival.[2] He married Irma Nathan in 1895.[3] He began working at Macy's on September 3, 1896.[3] In 1929, he purchased a piece of land on New York City's Park Avenue to construct an apartment building because he found that the better buildings in the area would not accept Jews as residents. He moved his family into the topmost two floors, a seven-bedroom duplex with terraces, a thousand-square-foot library, and a baronial stone fireplace.[4] A political ally of New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, in March 1931, Jesse Straus funded a poll of the delegates to the 1928 Democratic Convention to assess Roosevelt's chances in the race for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination.[5] Straus was president of his family's department store in the 1930s[6] until Roosevelt appointed him Chairman of the state's Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA), which provided unemployment assistance to ten percent of New York's families, in 1931.[7] When Roosevelt took office and the public anticipated a run on the banks, he bought full-page newspaper advertisements that announced:[8] I trust my government. I trust our banks. I do not expect the impossible. I shall do nothing hysterical. If it is normal to carry little cash in my pocket when there is plenty to go round, I shall carry little now. There never was a time when everyone on earth could possess all his cash in his pockets, his socks, his safe-deposit box, or anywhere else. I will not stampede. I will not lose nerve. I will keep my head. Roosevelt appointed him U.S. Ambassador to France in 1933[9] and he presented his credentials in Paris on June 8, 1933.[8] He served in that office, returning to the U.S. several times for health care, until he resigned for health reasons on August 18, 1936.[8] He was fluent in French and was the first Jew to serve in the position.[8] He reported to the President that public morale there was low and the country was unprepared for war.[10] In the 1930s he warned against efforts on the part of American Jews to organize opposition to the Nazi regime in Germany in the belief that it was "stirring up trouble" on an issue in which their involvement only demonstrated their inability to integrate themselves fully into American life.[11] According to a biography in the Straus family newsletter, he "felt that Judaism was a religion, not a nationality, and that Jews, and members of all religious groups in any country, should assimilate....He refused all traffic with the Zionists and rigidly opposed pro-Jewish discrimination at Macy's."[12] He was one of the founders of the Lycée français de New York. He died of pneumonia at his home at 720 Park Avenue in New York City on October 5, 1936.[8] He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York.[13] In response to New Deal legislation increasing estate taxes to 60%, he had distributed some of his assets and revised his will. Time called his actions a "protest" and the result of "troubled thought." First he gave away one fourth of his Macy's stock, paying far less tax than had the shares remained part of his estate. Then on July 31, 1934, he revised his 1933 will to remove a list of gifts to 18 educational and charitable institutions because:[14] The present Federal and State estate tax laws impose substantially increased tax burdens upon the estates of decedents and may under certain conditions cause undue hardship and financial sacrifice and loss resulting from untimely sale and liquidation of assets of estates to provide for the payment of such taxes. The increased estate taxes upon the estates of decedents are devoted in large part to Governmental social programs. Under the circumstances now existing, I deem it advisable to cancel and revoke the bequests made by me...in my [earlier] last will and testament. His widow died in 1970 at the age of 94.[15] Straus was a noteworthy collector of fine arts and memorabilia. He left a collection of autographs to his granddaughter, who donated them to Vassar College, where they form the Jesse Isidor Straus Autograph Collection (ca. 1727-1873).[16] New York City's PS 199, the Jesse Isadore Straus School on West 70 Street, is named for him.[17] Notes1. ^Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, A Delicate Experiment: The Harvard Business School, 1908-1945 (Harvard Business School Press, 1987), 112 2. ^Isadore Barmash, Macy's for Sale (NY: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), 31 3. ^John Arthur Garraty and Mark Christopher Carnes, American National Biography (Oxford University Press, 1999) 4. ^Michael Gross, The Story of the World's Richest Apartment Building (Broadway, 2005) 5. ^Douglas B. Craig, After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920-1934 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 210; Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (PublicAffairs, 2003), 216 6. ^John Guernsey, Retailing Tomorrow: Practical Retailer's View of the Future of his Profession (1929), 54 7. ^Milton Plesur, ed., An American Historian: Essays to Honor Selig Adler (1980), 186 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 New York Times: [https://www.nytimes.com/1936/10/05/archives/jesse-i-straus-dies-of-pneumonia-at-64-exambassador-to-france-had.html "Jesse I. Straus Dies of Pneumonia," October 5, 1936], accessed December 3, 2010 9. ^Straus was expecting an appointment as Secretary of Commerce, his uncle's post. The appointment process was mismanaged and FDR had to smooth over Straus' disappointment. Arthur Meier Schlesinger The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933 (NY: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), 470 10. ^G.H. Bennett, ed., Roosevelt's Peacetime Administrations, 1933-41: A Documentary History of the New Deal Years, 1933-41 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 162 11. ^Barry M. Rubin, Assimilation and its Discontents (NY: Random House, 1995), 84 12. ^Straus Historical Society: Jesse Isidor Straus, Part Two, February 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115358/http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/uploads/1135803209nwsltr205.pdf |date=2011-07-17 }}, accessed December 3, 2010 13. ^{{Findagrave|7643091}} 14. ^TIME: Taxation: Last Thoughts," October 19, 1936, accessed December 3, 2010 15. ^New York Times: [https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/06/archives/mrs-jesse-i-straus-widow-of-envoy-94.html Mrs. Jesse I. Straus, Widow of Envoy, 94," April 6, 1970], accessed December 3, 2010 16. ^Vassar College: Jesse Isidor Straus Autograph Collection, accessed December 3, 2010 17. ^Education.com New York's Virtual Private School, accessed December 5, 2010 External links
8 : 1872 births|1936 deaths|Harvard College alumni|Ambassadors of the United States to France|Businesspeople from New York City|Jewish American politicians|Deaths from pneumonia|Straus family |
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