| 词条 | Kalmar Union |
| 释义 |
|conventional_long_name = Kalmar Union |native_name = {{Collapsible list|title= |common_name = Kalmar Union |era = Late Middle Ages |status = State union |status_text = Personal union | |year_start = 1397 |year_end = 1523 | |event_start = Inception |date_start = 17 June |event1 = Engelbrekt rebellion |date_event1 = 1434–1436 |event2 = Stockholm Bloodbath |date_event2 = November 1520 |event3 = Gustav Vasa elected as King of Sweden |date_event3 = 6 June 1523 |event_end = Dissolution | |p1 = History of Denmark#Middle Ages{{!}}Kingdom of Denmark |image_p1 = |p2 = Kingdom of Norway (872–1397){{!}}Kingdom of Norway |image_p2 = |p3 = History of Sweden (800–1521){{!}}Kingdom of Sweden |image_p3 = |s1 = Denmark–Norway |flag_s1 = Flag of Denmark.svg |s2 = History of Sweden (1523–1611){{!}}Kingdom of Sweden |image_s2 = |s3 = Kingdom of Scotland |flag_s3 = Flag of Scotland (traditional).svg |image_flag = Flag of the Kalmar Union.svg |image_coat = Armoiries medievales d Eric de Poméranie 1382-1459.svg |symbol_type = Arms of Eric of Pomerania |flag_type = Purported flag |image_map = Kalmar Union ca. 1400.svg |image_map_caption = The Kalmar Union, c. 1400 | |common_languages=Official use: Middle Danish, Old Swedish, Middle Norwegian, Renaissance Latin Also spoken: Middle Icelandic, Old Faroese, Norn, Greenlandic Norse, Middle Low German, Finnish, Sami, Greenlandic, Karelian |capital = Roskilde (1397–1416) Copenhagen (1416–1523) |religion = Roman Catholicism Religious disturbances (Roman Catholic/Lutheran) towards the end of Christian II's reign |government_type = Personal union |title_leader = Regent |leader1 = Margaret I (first) |year_leader1 = 1387–1412{{smallsup|a}} |leader2 = Christian II (last) |year_leader2 = 1513–23{{smallsup|b}} |currency = Mark, Örtug, Norwegian penning, Swedish penning |legislature = Riksråd and Herredag (one in each kingdom) | |footnote_a = Margaret I ruled Denmark 1387–1412, Norway 1388–1389, and Sweden 1389–1412 |footnote_b = Christian II ruled Denmark and Norway 1513–1523; Sweden 1520–1521 |demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=}}{{Scandinavia|History}} The Kalmar Union (Danish, Norwegian, and {{lang-sv|Kalmarunionen}}; {{lang-la|Unio Calmariensis}}) was a personal union that from 1397 to 1523[1] joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including most of Finland's populated areas), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas dependencies (then including Iceland, Greenland,[2] the Faroe Islands, and the Northern Isles). The union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally, the countries remained separate sovereign states, but with their domestic and foreign policies being directed by a common monarch. One main impetus for its formation was to block German expansion northward into the Baltic region. The main reason for its failure to survive was the perpetual struggle between the monarch, who wanted a strong unified state, and the Swedish and Danish nobility, which did not.[3] Diverging interests (especially the Swedish nobility's dissatisfaction with the dominant role played by Denmark and Holstein) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper the union in several intervals from the 1430s until its definitive breakup in 1523, when Gustav Vasa was elected as king of Sweden.[4] Norway continued to remain a part of the realm of Denmark–Norway under the Oldenburg dynasty for nearly three centuries, until its dissolution in 1814. The ensuing loose union between Sweden and Norway lasted until 1905, when a grandson of the incumbent king of Denmark was elected as king of Norway; his direct descendants still reign in Norway. == Inception == The union was the work of Scandinavian aristocracy wishing to counter the influence of the Hanseatic League. Margaret (1353–1412), a daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark, married King Haakon VI of Norway and Sweden, who was the son of King Magnus IV of Sweden, Norway and Scania. Margaret succeeded in having her son Olav recognized as heir to the throne of Denmark. In 1376 Olav inherited the crown of Denmark from his maternal grandfather as King Oluf III, with his mother as guardian; when Haakon VI died in 1380, Olaf also inherited the crown of Norway.[5] Margaret became regent of Denmark and Norway when Olaf died in 1387, leaving her without an heir.[6] She adopted her great-nephew Erik the same year.[7] The following year, 1388, Swedish nobles called upon her help against King Albert of Mecklenburg.[8] After Margaret defeated Albert in 1389, her heir Erik was proclaimed King of Norway.[6] Erik was subsequently elected King of Denmark and Sweden in 1396.[6] Erik's coronation was held in Kalmar on 17 June 1397.[9] DissolutionThe Union lost territory when the Northern Isles were pledged by Christian I in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland in 1468. However the money was never paid, and in 1472 the islands were annexed by the Kingdom of Scotland.[10] The Kalmar union was dissolved when Sweden rebelled and became independent on 6 June 1523.[9] One of the last structures of the Union, or, rather, medieval separateness, remained until 1536 when the Danish Privy Council, in the aftermath of the Count's Feud, unilaterally declared Norway to be a Danish province,[11] without consulting their Norwegian colleagues. Although the Norwegian council never recognized the declaration formally, and Norway kept some separate institutions and its legal system,[11] this had the practical effect that the Norwegian possessions of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands came under direct control of the crown. In principle this meant that the Norwegian crown, under the Danish union (the monarch lived in Copenhagen), was henceforth controlled from Denmark and not from Norway. And it had the effect that, while Norway passed to Swedish rule in 1814 and became independent in 1905, these territories were retained by Denmark (up to the present, in the case of Greenland and the Faroe Islands). See also
Notes1. ^Harald Gustafsson, "A State that Failed?" Scandinavian Journal of History (2006) 32#3 pp 205–220 2. ^Nominal possession, there was no European contact with the island during the Kalmar Union period 3. ^For a somewhat different view see Steinar Imsen, "The Union of Calmar: Northern Great Power or Northern German Outpost?" in Christopher Ocker, ed. Politics and Reformations: Communities, Polities, Nations, and Empires (BRILL, 2007) pp 471–72 4. ^Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas. A History of Sweden 1523–1611 (1968) ch 1 5. ^{{Cite book|title = The History of Iceland|last = Karlsson|first = Gunnar|publisher = |year = 2000|isbn = |location = |pages = 102}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-I|title=Margaret I {{!}} queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erik-VII|title=Erik VII {{!}} king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sweden/Code-of-law|title=Sweden – Code of law {{!}} history – geography|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}} 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalmar-Union|title=Kalmar Union {{!}} Scandinavian history|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}} 10. ^Nicolson (1972) p. 45 11. ^1 {{cite book |last=Nordstrom |first=Byron |year=2000 |title=Scandinavia since 1500 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |page=147 |isbn=0-8166-2098-9}} References{{Reflist|30em}}Further reading
External links
}}{{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ukwiki|display=title}} 30 : Kalmar Union|Scandinavian history|Early Modern history of Sweden|Danish monarchy|Norwegian monarchy|Swedish monarchy|Kalmar|14th century in Denmark|15th century in Denmark|16th century in Denmark|14th century in Finland|15th century in Finland|16th century in Finland|14th century in Norway|15th century in Norway|16th century in Norway|14th century in Sweden|15th century in Sweden|16th century in Sweden|States and territories established in 1397|States and territories disestablished in the 1520s|1397 establishments in Europe|1523 disestablishments in Europe|14th-century establishments in Denmark|14th-century establishments in Norway|14th-century establishments in Sweden|16th-century disestablishments in Denmark|16th-century disestablishments in Norway|1520s disestablishments in Sweden|Personal unions |
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