| 词条 | Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services |
| 释义 |
|name = Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services |logo = Jewish Board of Family and Children Services.jpg |headquarters = New York, New York |leader_title = CEO |leader_name = David Rivel |website = The Jewish Board }} The Jewish Board of Family and Children’s Services (The Jewish Board) is one of the United States' largest nonprofit mental health and social service agencies and New York City's largest social services nonprofit.[1][2] Its services are non-sectarian. There are over 3,300 employees and 2,200 volunteers serving over 43,000 New Yorkers annually at its community-based programs, residential facilities, and day-treatment centers in each of the five boroughs as well as Westchester County.[3] Programs available cover:
The Jewish Board was created through the successive mergers of New York-area Jewish charitable organizations. The United Hebrew Charities was established in 1845 as an umbrella organization for the Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Association, the Ladies Benevolent Society of the Congregation of the Gates of Prayer, the Hebrew Relief Society, and the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Society. In 1926 it became the Jewish Social Services Association. It merged in 1946 with the Jewish Family Welfare Society of Brooklyn to form Jewish Family Services (JFS). The present-day Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services (The Jewish Board) resulted in 1978 from a further merger with the Jewish Board of Guardians. In June 2015, The Jewish Board acquired $75 million worth of behavioral health programs from the Federation Employment & Guidance Services (FEGS).[6] ControversyDr. Neubauer's study on monozygotic multiplesIn the late 1950s, Doctor Viola Bernard of Louise Wise Services, a prominent New York City Jewish adoption agency in the 1960s, created a policy to separate identical twins for adoption, with the intent that "early mothering would be less burdened and divided and the child’s developing individuality would be facilitated."[7] In 1961, psychiatrist Peter B. Neubauer, then director of the Jewish Board of Guardians's Child Development Center, began a multi-year "nature versus nurture" twin study to observe how the separated siblings would fare in different environments. This involved at least five sets of identical twins and one set of triplets deliberately separated and placed into adoptive families by Louise Wise Services under Doctor Viola Bernard's policies.[8] As a condition of the adoption, the parents agreed to in-person visits of up to four times a year by the study's research team, where the children would be observed, questioned, tested and/or filmed, without knowing the true nature of the study.[9] The parents of the adopted children were also not informed by Louise Wise Services that they were part of a twin or triplet set, and one biological mother to a set of twins separated by Bernard and studied by Neubauer reported that Louise Wise Services did not inform her that her children would be separated. At least three of the separated siblings apparently committed suicide,[11] with families and commentators drawing ethical comparisons today with the notorious twin experiments by the same Nazi regime that Neubauer himself had escaped.[10] Dr. Neubauer's study was never completed, and in 1978, the Jewish Board of Guardians merged with Jewish Family Services to form the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services.[11] The study records are currently in the custody of Yale University under seal until October 25, 2065, and cannot be released to the public without authorization from The Jewish Board,[12] while Louse Wise Services' adoption records are held by Spence-Chapin Services to Families and Children.[13] In 2011, two identical twins who reunited as adults, Doug Rausch and Howard Burack, sent a letter to The Jewish Board requesting to see their records. The Jewish Board initially denied that Rausch and Burack had been part of the study, until the brothers were able to produce archived notes from one of Dr. Neubauer's former research assistants proving that they were indeed part of the study.[14] The Jewish Board says Dr. Neubauer's study records are sealed to the public until 2065 to protect the privacy of those studied, and to this date all study subjects who have requested their personal records have received them.[15] The Neubauer study was the subject of the memoir Identical Strangers (2007)[16] and the documentary films The Twinning Reaction (2017)[17] and Three Identical Strangers (2018),[18][19] along with the television episode Secret Siblings (2018).[20] References1. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20140126/NONPROFITS/301269977/an-outsider-shakes-up-venerable-agency |title=David Rivel shakes up the venerable Jewish Board |newspaper=Crain's New York Business |date=January 26, 2014 |accessdate=April 24, 2014}} 2. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150529/HEALTH_CARE/150529871/meet-new-yorks-new-largest-social-services-nonprofit |title=Meet New York's new largest social-services nonprofit |newspaper=Crain's New York Business |date=May 29, 2015 |accessdate=June 9, 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://jewishboard.org/about-us |title=Programs and Services |publisher=The Jewish Board |accessdate=March 15, 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://newyorkcity.ny.networkofcare.org/mh/services/agency.aspx?pid=JewishBoardofFamilyChildrensServicesJBFCSGreenbergYouthCounselingLeague_754_2_0 |title=Jewish Board of Family & Children's Services (JBFCS): Greenberg/Youth Counseling League |publisher=Newyorkcity.ny.networkofcare.org |date= |accessdate=April 24, 2014}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1899/05/19/archives/hebrew-charities-building-the-gift-of-solomon-loeb-to-jewish.html |title=Hebrew Charities Building—The Gift of Solomon Loeb to Jewish Charity Dedicated—Mr. Rice Appeals for Endowment Fund |newspaper=New York Times |date=May 19, 1899 |page=12 |accessdate=July 23, 2018}} 6. ^1 Guide to the Jewish Family Service collection, 1875–1940; I-375, Center for Jewish History. Retrieved October 21, 2014. 7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psychoanalysis-unplugged/201902/the-truth-about-three-identical-strangers| title=The Truth About "Three Identical Strangers"|first=Lois|last= Oppenheim|newspaper=Psychology Today|orig-year=First published February 9, 2019|date=April 4, 2019|quote=In the late 1950s and before Peter Neubauer was involved, Dr. Bernard created a policy to separate identical twins for adoption. Dr. Bernard’s intent with the separations was benign. In a recently uncovered memo, she expressed her hope that “early mothering would be less burdened and divided and the child’s developing individuality would be facilitated.”}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/01/27/three-identical-strangers-high-cost-experimentation-without-ethics| title=‘Three Identical Strangers’: The high cost of experimentation without ethics|first=Barron|last=Lerner|newspaper=The Washington Post|orig-year=First published January 27, 2019|date=April 4, 2019|quote=Bernard, trained in classical Freudian psychiatry, believed that bonding between a mother and child was the most important aspect of childhood development. This theory led the agency to place twins in separate homes, thinking that giving each child its own mother would be best for the child. By studying this process, Neubauer’s team could potentially solve the age-old debate about nurture vs. nature.}} 9. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.greensboro.com/separated-triplets-had-been-studied-since-birth/article_7829747b-ea3c-5016-ba0c-7b254d2e45b0.html |title=Separated Triplets Had Been Studied Since Birth |first=Stephanie |last=Saul |newspaper=Newsday |via=Greensboro News & Record |orig-year=First published October 18, 1997 |date=January 31, 1998}} 10. ^{{cite journal |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6381/1222.full |title=Life in triplicate |first=Gabrielle |last=Kardon |journal=Science |volume=359 |issue=6381 |page=1222 |date=March 16, 2018 |doi=10.1126/science.aat0954 |quote=The irony of a Jewish researcher and a Jewish adoption agency conducting a twin study after the atrocities waged against Jewish people in Nazi Germany is clear.}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT3162#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition|first=Kenneth|last=Jackson|isbn= 978-0300114652|date=December 1, 2010|quote="In 1978 the Jewish Board of Guardians merged with the Jewish Family Services, and they became the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services}} 12. ^{{cite news |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2018/10/01/records-from-controversial-twin-study-sealed-at-yale-until-2065/ |title=Records from controversial twin study sealed at Yale until 2065 |first=William |last=McCormack |date=October 1, 2018 |newspaper=Yale Daily News |accessdate=February 1, 2019}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/12/nyregion/a-son-given-up-for-adoption-is-found-after-half-a-century-and-then-lost-again.html|title=A Son Given Up for Adoption Is Found After Half a Century, and Then Lost Again|publisher=New York Times|first=Gabrielle|last=Glaser|date=July 10, 2015|access-date=April 4, 2019|quote=Louise Wise has since closed, and in 2004, all of its records related to voluntary adoptions were given over to the Spence-Chapin agency}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/twins-make-astonishing-discovery-separated-birth-part-secret/story?id=53593943 |title=Twins make astonishing discovery that they were separated shortly after birth and then part of a secret study |publisher=ABC News |date=March 9, 2018 |accessdate=July 23, 2018}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2018/10/01/records-from-controversial-twin-study-sealed-at-yale-until-2065/ |title=Records from controversial twin study sealed at Yale until 2065 |first=William |last=McCormack |date=October 1, 2018 |newspaper=Yale Daily News |accessdate=February 1, 2019|quote=A spokesperson for the Jewish Board told the News that all individuals were notified of their participation in the study and “provided with copies of their records that relate directly to Dr. Neubauer’s study of them.” The Jewish Board did not clarify when individuals had been notified, but did note that redactions to the materials were made to ensure the privacy of other subjects.}} 16. ^{{cite news |first=Denise |last=Flaim |date=November 25, 2007 |title=Lost and Found: Twin sister separated at birth are reunited and work toward a new relationship |newspaper=Journal Times |url=http://www.journaltimes.com/articles/2007/11/25/life/doc47478ec53fb05987935080.txt }} 17. ^[https://www.thetwinningreaction.com The Twinning Reaction: Official Site]. Retrieved July 23, 2018 18. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uM5TQ4f7ycw Three Identical Strangers: Official Trailer]. Retrieved July 23, 2018. 19. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/28/three-identical-strangers-the-bizarre-tale-of-triplets-separated-at-birth Three Identical Strangers: the bizarre tale of triplets separated at birth] (June 28, 2018), The Guardian. 20. ^{{cite episode |url=https://abc.go.com/shows/2020/episode-guide/2018-03/09-030918-secret-siblings |title=Secret Siblings |series=20/20 |network=ABC News |date=March 9, 2018 |accessdate=January 7, 2019}} External links
7 : Jewish organizations based in the United States|Human subject research in psychiatry|Human subject research in the United States|Twin studies|Jews and Judaism in New York City|Jewish charities based in the United States|Charities based in New York (state) |
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