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词条 Jewish medical ethics
释义

  1. Key issues

  2. History

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

  6. External links

Jewish medical ethics is a modern scholarly and clinical approach to medical ethics that draws upon Jewish thought and teachings. Pioneered by Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits in the 1950s, Jewish medical ethics centers mainly around an applied ethics drawing upon traditional rabbinic law (halakhah). In addition, scholars have begun examining theoretical and methodological questions, while the field itself has been broadened to encompass bioethics and non-halakhic approaches.

Key issues

In its early years, Jewish medical ethics addressed a range of ethical dilemmas,[1] as well as general questions about the professional ethics for doctors.[2] Major issues have included abortion, artificial insemination, brain death, cosmetic surgery, euthanasia, genetic screening, hazardous medical operations, circumcision, oral suction in circumcision (metzitzah b'peh), organ donation, psychiatric care, and smoking cigarettes. In recent years, Jewish bioethics has examined questions of medical technology, the allocation of medical resources, and the philosophy of Jewish ethics.[3]

History

In 19th century Wissenschaft des Judentums, scholars like Julius Preuss studied Talmudic approaches to medicine. Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits was a prominent figure in 20th century Jewish medical ethics and a pioneer in religious bioethics. His specialty was the interaction between medical ethics and halakha. Thanks to his academic training in Ireland, Rabbi Jakobovits approached his comprehensive volume, Jewish Medical Ethics, in light of Catholic medical ethics, with which he often compares Jewish ethics. Whether developing or disputing his analysis, subsequent Jewish bioethicists have utilized his work on abortion, euthanasia, the history of Jewish medical ethics, palliative care, treatment of the sick, and professional duties. Likewise, he is credited with popularizing the claim that Judaism supports the nearly absolute sanctity of life.

In its early years, Jewish medical ethics was predominantly an applied ethics. Orthodox pioneers included rabbis and scholars J. David Bleich, Fred Rosner, Avraham Steinberg, Saul J. Berman, Moshe David Tendler, as well as major rabbinic authorities, such as Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, Moshe Feinstein and Eliezer Waldenberg. The reform movement's pioneers included Solomon Freehof, and later involvement by Walter Jacob and Moshe Zemer. Pioneering medical ethicists in the Conservative movement included rabbis Elliot Dorff, David Feldman, Aaron Mackler, Joel Roth, and Avram Reisner, while more recent figures have included Leonard Sharzer. Among those oriented to bioethics, leading thinkers include Daniel Sinclair and Noam Zohar. Dr. Mark J. Poznansky, a member of the Order of Canada, has been a leading voice on issues of human and animal experimentation.[4]

Organizationally, Jewish medical ethics and bioethics has grown, especially in the United States and Israel. Journals dedicated to medical ethics include the "Assia" Journal of Jewish Ethics and Halacha.[5] Avraham Steinberg's 7-volume Encyclopedia Hilchatit Refuit in Hebrew has been translated into English by Professor Fred Rosner as the Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics.

In Israel, where there are several educational institutes dedicated to Jewish Medical Ethics, many hospitals work closely with Jewish clinical ethicists. Jewish medical ethics and bioethics has been the topic of numerous scholarly conferences, educational workshops, and lectureships, including the "International Conference on Jewish Medical Ethics."[6] Organizations such as the Dr. Falk Schlesinger Institute for Medico-Halakhic Research at the Shaare Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem, and the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute teach classes on Jewish Medical Ethics to professionals and students.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

See also

{{Portal|Judaism|Medicine}}
  • Medical genetics of Jews

References

1. ^http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/bay_area/living/new-course-to-explore-jewish-perspective-on-modern-ethical-dilemmas/article_09cf1211-c321-5811-a6f0-a8d0fc1f4fc1.html
2. ^http://www.lamorindaweekly.com/archive/issue0717/pdf/Lamorindans-Learn-about-Tough-Cancer-Problem.pdf
3. ^http://www.myjli.com/index.html?task=news_full&nid=370
4. ^"Jewish ethics viewed as helpful in medicine." by Mara Koven, published in The Canadian Jewish News February 3, 1994, Page 20
5. ^http://www.medethics.org.il/website/index.php/en/research-2/assia%7C Assia Journal
6. ^International Conference on Jewish Medical Ethics
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Viviano|first1=JoAnne|title=Program tackles risk Jews face from genes|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/faith_and_values/2013/10/18/program-tackles-risk-jews-face-from-genes.html|agency=The Columbus Dispatch|publisher=The Dispatch Printing Company|quote=As a Jewish woman with ancestors from eastern Europe, Worly knows she has a higher chance than other women do of carrying a BRCA gene mutation that increases a woman’s odds of developing breast and ovarian cancer. But because no other relatives were afflicted with the disease, she’s passed on genetic testing. “I’ve chosen not to do it yet,” she said, “and it’s a big choice, it’s a big decision.” Worly plans to take an upcoming course exploring the issue, offered at the Columbus Jewish Foundation on the East Side and the Lori Schottenstein Chabad Center in New Albany. The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute, which is putting on the course, says it will look at how Jewish law can help women determine if they should be tested for the gene and, if testing positive, whether they should consider mastectomy or ovary removal.}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=New course to explore Jewish perspective on modern ethical dilemmas|url=http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/bay_area/living/new-course-to-explore-jewish-perspective-on-modern-ethical-dilemmas/article_09cf1211-c321-5811-a6f0-a8d0fc1f4fc1.html?mode=story|agency=Bay Area Citizen|publisher=Your Houston News|date=October 23, 2013|location=The Woodlands, TX.|quote=“All of us are likely to face a serious medical dilemma at one point or another in our lives,” explains Rabbi Yitzi Schmukler, director of the local JLI affiliate. “The objective of this course is to help enrich your ethics knowledgebase so that you are better equipped when you are faced with life’s toughest decisions.”}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=BRCA gene cancer risk for Ashkenazi Jews the focus in West Hartford|url=http://www.westhartfordnews.com/articles/2013/10/27/news/doc526a73f8b31aa085425418.txt|agency=West Hartford News, a 21st Century Media Property|date=October 27, 2013|location=Middletown, CT|quote=Entitled “An Ounce of Prevention: BRCA, Genetic Testing, and Preventive Measures,” the class is being co-sponsored by the Susan G. Komen Foundation, offered by Chabad’s Jewish Learning Institute in 362 communities in honor of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. It is the first class of a new six-week course, titled Life in the Balance, about the Jewish perspective on everyday medical dilemmas. The course is accredited for Continuing Medical and Legal Education, and can help medical professionals develop a greater sensitivity to the concerns and decisions facing some of their Jewish patients.}}
10. ^{{cite news|last1=Benveniste|first1=Shelley|title=Promoting Jewish Medical Ethics in Boca Raton|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/sections/community/south-florida/promoting-jewish-medical-awareness-in-boca-raton/2013/10/10/|agency=The Jewisih Press|date=October 10, 2013|quote=The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute (JLI) will present Life in the Balance: Jewish Perspectives on Everyday Medical Dilemmas, the institute’s new six-session Fall 2013 course that will begin during the week of Tuesday, October 29.}}
11. ^{{cite news|last1=Wahlberg|first1=David|title=Health Sense: What Jewish law says about breast and ovarian cancer risk|url=http://host.madison.com/news/local/health_med_fit/health-sense/health-sense-what-jewish-law-says-about-breast-and-ovarian/article_14d221e3-29bd-5fc9-b642-bc631c48f3cb.html|agency=Wisconsin State Journal|date=November 11, 2013|quote=Ashkenazi Jewish women are five times more likely than the general population to have gene mutations that greatly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. The class, “An Ounce of Prevention,” was the first of a six-part course about biomedical ethical issues, called “Life in the Balance,” that continues this month in Madison and more than 300 cities around the country.}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Snyder|first1=Laurie|title=Lamorindans Learn about Tough Cancer Problem|url=http://www.lamorindaweekly.com/archive/issue0717/pdf/Lamorindans-Learn-about-Tough-Cancer-Problem.pdf.|agency=LAMORINDA WEEKLY|date=October 23, 2013|location=Moraga CA|quote=But while the spotlight on Jolie raised awareness, says Rabbi Dovber Berkowitz, it also caused confusion and}}
13. ^{{cite news|last1=Toneguzzi|first1=Mario|title=Jewish group tackles medical dilemmas|url=http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=de0bf090-0dba-44f2-a9c3-9f1d59f0c3d0|agency=Calgary Herald|date=October 26, 2013|quote=Calgary's Rohr Jewish Learning Institute is tackling some interesting and challenging topics in the next few weeks. In Life in the Balance: A Jewish Perspective to Everyday Medical Dilemmas, participants in a new course will ponder ethical questions ranging from end of life issues to preventive measures and respect due to the body after death.}}
14. ^{{cite news|last1=Staff|title=Rohr Jewish Learning Institute to present 'Life in the Balance'|url=http://www.norwichbulletin.com/article/20131021/NEWS/131029955/10283/NEWS|agency=The Bulletin|publisher=Gatehouse Media, Inc.|date=October 21, 2013|location=Norwich, CT|quote=Participants will answer ethical questions about a range of topics, including end-of-life issues and preventive measures.}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=JLI offers adult courses on medical dilemmas|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/69888/jli-offers-adult-courses-on-medical-dilemmas/|agency=JWeekly|publisher=San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc.|date=October 17, 2013|quote=The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute will offer “Life in the Balance: Jewish Perspectives on Everyday Medical Dilemmas” at some 600 locations around the globe — including 10 in the Bay Area — starting later this month.}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Chabad offers new course that looks at medical dilemmas|url=http://www.heritagefl.com/story/2013/10/18/news/chabad-offers-new-course-that-looks-at-medical-dilemmas/1560.html|agency=Heritage Florida Jewish News|date=October 18, 2013|location=Fern Park, FL|quote=Modern medicine has brought us near miracles. It’s also brought us some of the most difficult decisions we’ll ever have to face. Are we obliged to prolong life even at the cost of terrible suffering? Should we legalize the sale of organs, such as kidneys, to save the lives of transplant patients? May a woman with a multiple-fetus pregnancy opt for fetal reduction, thus forfeiting the lives of some to possibly save others? When it seems that every available option is morally questionable, how do we decide? Torah and the Talmud are not silent about such matters, and the Chabad Center is offering a course, titled “Life in the balance: Jewish perspective on everyday medical dilemmas” that will address these issues.}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Richman|first1=Alan|title=Best-seller sets stage for parenting series|url=http://njjewishnews.com/article/25842/best-seller-sets-stage-for-parenting-series#.VLfPyyuUd49|date=January 13, 2015|location=New Jersey|quote=Faber’s presentation is scheduled as a “prequel” to “The Art of Parenting,” ... Rabbi Boruch Chazanow, codirector of the Chabad of WMC, and Rabbi Levi Wolosow, its director of adult education, are trained instructors for the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute}}

Bibliography

  • Avraham, A.S. Lev Avraham: Hilchot Refuah le-Kholeh v'le-meshamesh, Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers, 1976
  • _________. Nishmat Avraham, Hilchot Cholim, Rofim ve-Refuah Jerusalem: Schlesinger Institute, 1983-2000. Note: This is a codificatory publication on halakhah pertaining to medical ethics.
  • Bleich, J. David. 1981. Judaism and Healing. New York: Ktav.
  • Aron Brand. "Medical oaths and preventative medicine," Koroth, 7, no. 3-4, December 1976
  • Conservative Judaism. 2002. Vol. 54(3). Contains a set of six articles on bioethics.
  • Elliot Dorff. 1998. Matters of Life and Death: A Jewish Approach to Modern Medical Ethics. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
  • Eisenberg, Daniel. (Various articles)
  • David Feldman. 1974. Marital Relations, Birth Control, and Abortion in Jewish Law. New York: Schocken Books.
  • Freedman, B. 1999. Duty and Healing: Foundations of a Jewish Bioethic. New York: Routledge.
  • Guggenheim, R., Leupin, L., Nordmann Y. and Patcas, R. (ed.) 2010. The Value of Human Life - Contemporary Perspectives in Jewish Medical Ethics, Feldheim Publishers.
  • Halperin, Mordechai. "Milestones in Jewish Medical Ethics Medical-Halachic Literature in Israel, 1948-1998" online version
  • Jakobovits, Immanuel. 1959. Jewish Medical Ethics. New York: Bloch Publishing.
  • Katznelson, Y. Ha-Talmud ve-Hokhmat ha-Refu’a. Berlin: Haim Press, 1928
  • Mackler, Aaron L., ed. 2000. Life & Death Responsibilities in Jewish Biomedical Ethics. JTS.
  • Maibaum, M. 1986. "A 'progressive' Jewish medical ethics: notes for an agenda." Journal of Reform Judaism 33(3): 27-33.
  • Perlman, Moshe. Midrash ha-Refu’a, Tel Aviv: Dvir 1926-34
  • Preuss, Julius. Biblisch-Talmudische Medizin
  • Rosner, Fred. 1986. Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics. New York: Yeshiva University Press.
  • Byron Sherwin. 2004. Golems among us: How a Jewish legend can help us navigate the biotech century
  • Sinclair, Daniel. 1989. Tradition and the biological revolution: The application of Jewish law to the treatment of the critically ill
  • _________. Jewish biomedical law. Oxford
  • Zohar, Noam J. 1997. Alternatives in Jewish Bioethics. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Zoloth Laurie. 1999. Health care and the ethics of encounter: A Jewish discussion of social justice. Univ. of North Carolina Press.
  • Assia, Hebrew journal on Jewish medical ethics. English selections are available.
  • Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics by Avraham Steinberg.

External links

  • Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists, Medical halakhah information
  • Dr.Falk Schlesinger Institute for Jewish Medical Ethics & Halacha Research, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem website and a bibliography of responsa and journal articles
  • Nishmat's Women's Online Information Center, primarily on family purity practices
  • Yeshiva University's YU Student Medical Ethics Society
  • International Conference on Jewish medical Ethics, 25th - 28th May 2017 in Stein am Rhein, Switzerland, on Reproductive Medicine in the Light of Jewish Medical Ethics, including topics such as Assisted Reproduction Techniques, Pre-Implantal Diagnosis and Fertility Preservation.
  • South Florida Center for Jewish Ethics
  • Online Course (Hebrew) in Jewish Medical Ethics
  • The New England Institute of Jewish Studies, Medical Ethics Seminars
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