| 词条 | Kaluga | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| en_name = Kaluga | ru_name = Калуга | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Kaluga city, nowadays (collage).jpg | image_caption = | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|54|33|N|36|17|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Kaluga.svg | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Kaluga.svg | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = Second Saturday of September | holiday_ref = [1] | federal_subject = Kaluga Oblast | federal_subject_ref = [2] | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = City of Kaluga | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [2] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Kaluga Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [2] | adm_ctr_of2 = City of Kaluga | adm_ctr_of2_ref = [2] | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [2] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Kaluga Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [7] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Kaluga Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [7] | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = City Head | leader_title_ref = [2] | leader_name = Dmitry Razumovsky | leader_name_ref = [3] | representative_body = City Duma | representative_body_ref = [4] | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 170.5 | area_km2_ref = [5] | pop_2010census = 324698 | pop_2010census_rank = 55th | pop_2010census_ref = [6] | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = 1371 | established_title = First mentioned | established_date_ref = [7] | current_cat_date = | current_cat_date_ref = | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 248xxx | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 4842 | dialing_codes_ref = [8] | website = http://www.kaluga-gov.ru }} Kaluga ({{lang-rus|Калуга|p=kɐˈɫuɡə}}) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River {{convert|150|km|sp=us}} southwest of Moscow. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=324,698|p2002=334,751|p1989=311,319}} HistoryKaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga - "bog, quagmire".[9] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city. On 19 January 1777 the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General M. N. Krechetnikov. Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as Starokaluzhskoye Shosse - the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road). This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia. On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868). Kaluga was briefly occupied by the German army in Operation Barbarossa during the climactic Battle of Moscow. It was occupied from October 12, 1941 to December 30, 1941. In 1944 the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish POWs—soldiers of the Polish Underground Home Army—whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested by in the Vilno area. Administrative and municipal statusKaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.[10] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two rural localities, incorporated as the City of Kaluga—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[10] As a municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.[11] EconomyIn Kaluga, Kaluga Turbine Plant is located, is part of the company Power Machines; Kaluga Machine Works manufactures track machines for railways, plant a foreign company MACO Door & Window. In recent years Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area: On November 28, 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which has been further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. The plant currently{{when?|date=August 2017}} assembles the Volkswagen Passat, Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid.[12] On October 15, 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on January 19, 2009.[13] The plant has a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.[14] On December 12, 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.[15] By March 2010 the plant was operational, building Peugeot 308s for the Russian market and would also produce Citroën and Mitsubishi models.[16] TransportationThe city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there is a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.[17] Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis). ClimateKaluga has a humid temperate continental (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as {{convert|-45|C}}, while summer heat may reach up {{convert|+40|C}}, but usually it's about between {{convert|-5|C}} and {{convert|-20|C}} during winter and between {{convert|15|C}} and {{convert|30|C}} during summer in Kaluga. {{Weather box|location=Kaluga, Russia (period 1961–1990) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan high C=-6.6 |Feb high C=-5.0 |Mar high C=0.4 |Apr high C=10.3 |May high C=18.7 |Jun high C=21.5 |Jul high C= 23.0 |Aug high C= 21.9 |Sep high C= 15.7 |Oct high C= 9.0 |Nov high C= 0.7 |Dec high C= -3.7 |year high C= 7.2 |Jan mean C= -10.1 |Feb mean C= -9.0 |Mar mean C= -3.5 |Apr mean C= 5.7 |May mean C= 12.7 |Jun mean C= 15.8 |Jul mean C= 17.5 |Aug mean C= 16.3 |Sep mean C= 10.9 |Oct mean C= 5.4 |Nov mean C= -1.9 |Dec mean C= -6.6 |year mean C= 4.4 |Jan low C= -13.5 |Feb low C= -12.9 |Mar low C= -7.4 |Apr low C= 1.0 |May low C= 6.7 |Jun low C= 10.1 |Jul low C= 12.0 |Aug low C= 10.7 |Sep low C= 6.1 |Oct low C= 1.8 |Nov low C= -4.5 |Dec low C= -9.5 |year low C= 0.1 |Jan precipitation mm= 39 |Feb precipitation mm= 33 |Mar precipitation mm= 35 |Apr precipitation mm= 39 |May precipitation mm= 43 |Jun precipitation mm= 77 |Jul precipitation mm= 80 |Aug precipitation mm= 71 |Sep precipitation mm= 55 |Oct precipitation mm= 50 |Nov precipitation mm= 53 |Dec precipitation mm= 55 |year precipitation mm= 630 |source 1= www.meteoinfo.ru{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/1695-1246618396 |title=www.meteoinfo.ru |accessdate= 3 September 2012}} }} Notable peopleKaluga is known for its most famous resident, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a rocket science pioneer who worked here as a school teacher. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: "The Cradle of Space Exploration". Other notable people include:
Twin towns and sister cities{{Refimprove section|date=March 2017}}{{Main article|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Kaluga is twinned with:
In addition to this, Kaluga has nine cooperating cities and towns:
GalleryReferencesNotes1. ^День города перенесли в Калуге Калужский перекрёсток, 22 апреля 2015 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?q=%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_1942986388 |title=Устав муниципального образования "Город Калуга" |publisher=kaluga-gov.ru |date=September 19, 2011|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} {{ref-ru}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vest-news.ru/news/111457 |title=Губернатор произвел кадровые перестановки |publisher=vest-news.ru |date=March 27, 2018|accessdate=March 27, 2018}} {{ref-ru}} 4. ^Representative bodies of the municipality City of Kaluga 5. ^Калуги стало больше Калужский перекрёсток, 14 апреля 2011 6. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 7. ^Из фразы Гагарина в столице сделали артобъект 8. ^Phcode.ru 9. ^E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181. 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Charter of Kaluga Oblast 11. ^1 2 Law #7-OZ 12. ^Škoda Annual Report 2014 13. ^Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant, Just-auto.com, January 19, 2009 14. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20071101161608/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/corpnews/NewsItemPage.htm?channelId=1389&ItemID=30465&sl=en-gb New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga], Volvo Group corporate news, October 15, 2007 15. ^PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230132440/http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/psa_espace/press_releases_details_d1.php?id=751 |date=December 30, 2007 }}, PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, December 12, 2007 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100326/158321508.html |title=RIA Novosti 26 March 2010 |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=2010-03-26 |accessdate=2014-02-24}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_kaluga.html |title=Train Station in Kaluga |publisher=Nnov-airport.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24|language=ru }} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/index.php?do=cat&category=imi_gorditsja_kaluga|title=Ими гордится Калуга ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")|publisher=Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-10-01|location=Kaluga}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.binningen.ch/xml_1/internet/de/application/d59/d296/d352/f722.cfm |title=Patengemeinden |publisher=Binningen.ch |date=February 9, 2014|accessdate=February 24, 2014}} Sources{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category}}
2 : Kaluga|Kaluga Governorate |
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