| 词条 | Kaluga Oblast | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|en_name=Kaluga Oblast |ru_name=Калужская область |loc_name1=|loc_lang1=Ukrainian|image_map=Map of Russia - Kaluga Oblast.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|26|N|35|26|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of arms of Kaluga Oblast.svg |coa_caption=Coat of arms |image_flag=Flag of Kaluga Oblast.svg |flag_caption=Flag |anthem=Anthem of Kaluga Oblast |anthem_ref=[1] |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts of Russia |federal_district=Central |economic_region=Central |adm_ctr_type=Administrative center |adm_ctr_name=Kaluga |adm_ctr_ref=[2] |pop_2010census=1010930 |pop_2010census_rank=51st |urban_pop_2010census=76.3% |rural_pop_2010census=23.7% |pop_2010census_ref=[3] |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest=1005585 |pop_latest_date=January 2013 |pop_latest_ref=[3] |area_km2=29800 |area_km2_rank=64th |area_km2_ref |established_date=July 5, 1944 |established_date_ref=[4] |license_plates=40 |ISO=RU-KLU |gov_as_of=September 2013 |leader_title=Governor |leader_title_ref=[5] |leader_name=Anatoly Artamonov |leader_name_ref=[6] |legislature=Legislative Assembly |legislature_ref=[7] |website=http://www.admobl.kaluga.ru/ |website_ref |date=August 2010 |mean=556 m|continent=Europe}}Kaluga Oblast ({{lang-ru|Калу́жская о́бласть}}, Kaluzhskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga. Population: 1,010,930 (2010 Census).[8] Geography{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}Kaluga Oblast lies in the central part of the East European Plain. The oblast's territory is located between the Central Russian Upland (with and average elevation of above 200 m and a maximum elevation of 275 m in the southeast), the Smolensk–Moscow Upland and the Dnepr-Desna province. Most of the oblast is occupied by plains, fields and forests with diverse flora and fauna. The administrative center is located on the Baryatino-Sukhinichy plain. The western part of the oblast - located within the drift plain - is dominated by the Spas-Demensk ridge. To the south is an outwash plain that is part of the Bryansk-Zhizdra woodlands, with average elevation up to 200 m. From north to south, Kaluga Oblast extends for more than 220 km, from 53°30' to 55°30' northern altitude, and east to west – for 220 km. Its area is 29,800 km². The oblast's territory is crossed by major international motor and railways, linking Kaluga with Moscow, Bryansk, Kiev, Lvov and Warsaw. Kaluga Oblast borders on:
Climate{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The climate of Kaluga Oblast is moderately continental with distinct seasons: warm and humid summers, and cold winters with stable snow-cover. The average temperature in July is {{convert|+18|C}} in north and {{convert|+20|C}} in south, and in January {{convert|-11|C}} in northeast and {{convert|-8|C}} in southwest. The duration of the warm period (with the average temperatures above zero) is 215–220 days. The territory of the oblast is exposed to a substantial amount of solar radiation— around 115 Kcal per cm². The average annual air temperature varies from 3.5 - 4.0 °C in the north and the north-east to up to 4.0 - 4.6 °C in the west and the east of the oblast. The duration of the frost-free season is 113 to 127 days. The northern part of the oblast is the coldest, while the central part is moderately cold. In the south, in the zone of forest steppes, the climate is relatively warm. Precipitation is distributed unevenly, varying from 780 to 826 mm in the north and the west and up to 690 – 760 mm in the south. Hydrography{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The Oka is the main river in the oblast's river system. Others include the Ugra, the Zhizdra, the Protva, and the Vorya. Lakes include Lakes Bezdon and Svyatoye. Vegetation{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The total area occupied by forests is around 1,380,000 ha (46% of the territory of the oblast) (2006). As of the beginning of 2005, agricultural lands occupied an area of 1,350,000 ha (44% of the territory). The main crops grown include forage cereals, potatoes, vegetables, and feed grains (wheat, barley, rye, oats, buckwheat), and fiber-flax. Fauna{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}Mammals include typical forest animals: brown bear, lynx, elk, wolf, polar hare, and squirrel. The south of the oblast is sometimes visited by bison that were recently released into the Orlovskoye Polesye national park. Aquatic fauna includes two kinds of lamprey and 41 species of bony fish. The diversity of fish is explained by the variety of habitats. Among 11 kinds of amphibians, the most common are crested and common newts, red-bellied, common and green toads, and various lake, pool, moor and grass frogs. Reptiles are represented by 7 species, including snakes: the venomous adder and the harmless water snake and smooth snake. There are 267 types of birds registered as visiting the oblast, including 177 to nest, 58 to migrate and 32 to occasionally transit. The most significant bird-of-prey habitats are located in the Kaluzhskiye Zaseki reserve and the interfluve of the Bytebet and the Resseta. The largest populations are: waterfowl - mallard; semi-aquatic – black-headed gull; in forest– chaffinch, chiffchaff; along river banks – sand martin; in settlements – rock pigeon, common swift, rook, tree sparrow. Conservation and ecological conditionAccording to the governmental report “On the Status of the Environment and Its Conservation in the Russian Federation” published by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Kaluga Oblast is one of the most ecologically pure regions of the Central Federal District. There are several successful eco-settlements: the nature reserve Kaluzhskiye Zaseki, the Ugra National Park, the Tarusa natural reserve, and the Kaluzhski Bor natural sanctuary. The accident in Chernobyl resulted in radioactive contamination in the oblast's south and southwest. Radiation monitoring is conducted in nine districts. The radiation background complies with the established radiation situation. ==History== {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}HistoryThe territory of Kaluga Oblast has been inhabited since ancient times. The oldest human sites discovered by archeologists date back to the Mesolithic period (10,000–6,000 BC). The first mentions of Kaluga's towns are associated with events in the 12th century, specifically, the feudal war between the Olegovichi and the Monomakhovichi (Kozelsk - 1146, Serensk - 1147, Vorotynsk -1155, Mosalsk - 1231). In the 14th century, Kaluga lands were the place for constant confrontations between Lithuania and Moscow. Traditionally, it is considered that Kaluga was established as a frontier to protect the Moscow principality from Lithuania's attacks. In 1480-1481, Kaluga's territory was the place of the great stand on the Ugra river, resulting in the liberation of Russian lands from the Tatar Yoke and Moscow's transformation into a sovereign state. In the 16th and 17th centuries, with active development of trade and crafts, the city was advanced in the arts of wood carving and jewelry. After the reunification of Russia and the Ukraine in 1654, Kaluga's role as a trade intermediary between Moscow and the Ukraine contributed also to its economic development. On August 24, 1776, Catherine II issued a decree establishing Kaluga Viceroyalty to unite Kaluga and Tula Governorates. The center of the viceroyalty acquired a new image. During the rule of Paul I, in 1795 Kaluga Viceroyalty was transformed into a governorate. During the Great Patriotic War, the territory was liberated from German occupation by the Soviet Army's 10th, 16th, 33rd, 43rd, 49th, 50th, and 61st Armies, the 20th Tank Brigade, 1st Air Army, 1st Cavalry Corps, and the Normandy squadron. The modern oblast was founded in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 5, 1944. After the dissolution of the USSR, Kaluga Oblast became a federal subject of the Russian Federation. In March 1996, the Charter of Kaluga Oblast was adopted. Demographics
Settlements{{Largest cities| name = Largest cities | country = Kaluga Oblast | stat_ref = 2010 Russian Census | list_by_pop = | class = nav | div_name = | div_link = Administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Administrative Division | city_1 = Kaluga | div_1 = Kaluga{{!}}City of oblast significance of Kaluga | pop_1 = 324,698 | img_1 = Калуга с высоты птичьего полета.JPG | city_2 = Obninsk | div_2 = Obninsk{{!}}City of oblast significance of Obninsk | pop_2 = 104,739 | img_2 = Obninsk, Russia 8170101.JPG | city_3 = Lyudinovo | div_3 = Lyudinovsky District | pop_3 = 40,530 | city_4 = Kirov, Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Kirov | div_4 = Kirovsky District, Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Kirovsky District | pop_4 = 31,882 | city_5 = Maloyaroslavets | div_5 = Maloyaroslavetsky District | pop_5 = 30,392 | city_6 = Balabanovo, Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Balabanovo | div_6 = Borovsky District | pop_6 = 26,337 | city_7 = Kozelsk | div_7 = Kozelsky District | pop_7 = 18,245 | city_8 = Kondrovo, Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Kondrovo | div_8 = Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Dzerzhinsky District | pop_8 = 16,672 | city_9 = Sukhinichi | div_9 = Sukhinichsky District | pop_9 = 16,273 | city_10 = Tovarkovo | div_10 = Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast{{!}}Dzerzhinsky District | pop_10 = 14,496 }} PopulationAccording to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of the oblast is 1,010,930;[8] down from 1,041,641 recorded in the 2002 Census,[11] and further down from 1,066,833 recorded in the 1989 Census.[12]
Religion{{Bar box|title=Religion in Kaluga Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[14][15] |float=right |bars={{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|48.6}}{{Bar percent|Other Orthodox|MediumOrchid|2}}{{Bar percent|Old Believers|Purple|0.6}}{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|7.9}}{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|0.6}}{{Bar percent|Rodnovery and other native faiths|Red|1.6}}{{Bar percent|Spiritual but not religious|DarkSlateGray|25.9}}{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|8.9}}{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|3.9}} }} Kaluga Oblast is a centre of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) movement, being the headquarters of the Union of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnover) Communities (Союз Славянских Общин Славянской Родной Веры) located in Kaluga city. The region has many temples dedicated to the Slavic gods. {{clear}}Administrative and municipal divisions{{Main|Administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast}}{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}Within the framework of administrative divisions, the oblast is divided into twenty-four districts and four cities of oblast significance. Within the framework of municipal divisions, the territories of the administrative districts are incorporated into twenty-four municipal districts and the territories of the two cities of oblast significance are incorporated as urban okrugs. Two other cities of oblast significance are incorporated as urban settlements within corresponding municipal districts. EconomyKaluga Region is one of the most economically advanced territories of the Russian Federation. Major international corporations implementing projects in the region include Volkswagen, Volvo, Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi, GE, Samsung, Continental, Berlin-Chemie/Menarini, Novo Nordisk, STADA CIS, etc. There is active development in traditional economic segments, as well, represented by manufacturers of turbo generators and gas turbine engines, railway equipment, building materials, electronics, optical systems and much more. IndustryThe economic policy being pursued in Kaluga Region changed the structure of its industrial complex and created conditions for development of high tech production companies. There are 2,747 different enterprises in the region that generate about 40% of gross regional product (GRP) and more than half of tax payments to the regional budget. Almost a third of the region's residents are employed in industry. The traditional foundation of the region's industry is the automotive complex. Science and training
Transportation{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The main regional transport hubs are located in Kaluga, Obninsk, and Sukhinichi. M3 "Ukraine" is the main automobile highway, with a traffic density of up to 13,800 vehicles/day, which passes through the towns of Balabanovo, Obninsk, Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga, Sukhinichi, and Zhizdra. An equally important role is played by Moscow - Warsaw federal highway, with a traffic density of up to 11,500 vehicles/day, which passes through Belousovo, Obninsk, Maloyaroslavets, Medyn, Yukhnov, and Spas-Demensk. In addition, there is also a highway of regional importance Vyazma-Kaluga-Tula-Ryazan, with a traffic density of up to 6,750 vehicles/day, and the road section M3 "Ukraine" which passes through the town of Balabanovo. The total length of automobile roads with hard surface is 6,564 km. The density of hard surface road network of common use is 165 km per 1,000 km². The trunk railroad Moscow – Kiev is passing through Balabanovo, Obninsk, Maloyaroslavets, and Sukhinichi. In addition, there are also single-track diesel lines located in the oblast. There is a large locomotive and diesel multiple unit depot located in Kaluga. The total length of the railroads of common use is 872 km. The density of the railroads of common use is 29 km per 1000 km². There are four airfields in the oblast, including Grabtsevo airport located near the city of Kaluga (closed in 2008), military airfields in the town of Ermolino, and a large military airfield in Shaikovka. The part of the Oka river flowing from Kaluga is one of the domestic waterways of Russia. There are tourist cruises from Serpukhov to Tarusa and from Serpukhov to Velegozh. In addition, there are two motor ships “Louch” operating along the Kaluga—Aleksin route. The total length of the navigable and conditionally navigable waterways is 101 km. Of special importance is Moscow - Kaluga express (3 departures a day, time en route - 2 hours and 40 minutes). The city transportation in Kaluga has a well-developed trolleybus system. Tourism and recreation{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The most popular among tourists are the administrative center Kaluga, Optina Pustyn monastery, the City of Military Glory - Kozelsk, Obninsk Science Town, the towns of Maloyaroslavets and Meshchovsk where Napoleon's army was stopped, the Goncharovs country estate in the Polotnyany Zavod, Svyato-Tikhonova Pustyn monastery and Svyato-Pafnutyev Borovsky monastery, the town of Tarusa, and Vorobyi zoo. A number of various tourist paths have been opened in the unique nature reserves—Ugra National Park and Kaluzhskye Zaseki. There are 15 health centers and summer resorts with over 3,500 beds in Kaluga Oblast. These are some of the regular events that are organized for tourists:
Culture{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}As early as the 16th century, Kaluga was a major commercial port acting as a connecting link between Lithuania and Moscow. Back then, the city exported wooden utensils known far beyond the provincial boundaries. Starting in the 1680s, stone churches were built on the sites of wooden churches. By the latter half of the 18th century, there were 183 stone and 2235 wooden buildings in Kaluga. The 17th-century Korobov mansion with its semidomes and patterned cornices is a fine example of the civil architecture of the period. Sports{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}Kaluga Football Club autonomous non-for-profit organization was established in December 2009 by the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of Kaluga Oblast, the City Administration of Kaluga, and Galantus&K OOO. The Trustee Council is chaired by Kaluga Oblast Governor Anatoly D. Artamonov. Kaluga Football Club won the tenth place in the Championship of Russia in the Center zone (2nd Division) of the 2010 season. As a result of the support that the Specialized Youth Football School of Olympic Reserve is receiving from the Kaluga Football Club, it is able to represent Kaluga Oblast in the Championship of Russia in four age groups. The trainings and football games of the official rounds of the Championship of Russia are held at the football stadium of Annenki Children and Youth Sports School. Mass media{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}Nika FM radio and Nika TV station operate in Kaluga Oblast. Politics{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The Charter of Kaluga Oblast is the fundamental law of the oblast. The Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia. The Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}Baburin Viktor Sergeevich – the Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. 2010 Legislative Assembly Elections of the 5th Convocation{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}The elections were won by United Russia party which received 53.45% of the votes. This allowed this party to win 22 seats in the oblast parliament.
Notable people{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}
Born on the territory of modern Kaluga Oblast
See also
References{{Commons category|Kaluga Oblast}}Notes1. ^Law #423-OZ 2. ^Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 4.4 3. ^Kaluga Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность населения {{ru icon}} 4. ^Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 3.2 5. ^Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 26.1 6. ^Official website of the Governor of Kaluga Oblast. Anatoly Dmitriyevich Artamonov {{ru icon}} 7. ^Charter of Kaluga Oblast, Article 18.1 8. ^1 2 3 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 9. ^http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2012/demo/edn12-12.htm 10. ^http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312 11. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}} 12. ^{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}} 13. ^http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 14. ^"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012. 15. ^2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived]. Sources
|ru_entity=Законодательное Собрание Калужской области |ru_type=Закон |ru_number=423-ОЗ |ru_date=3 июня 2013 г. |ru_title=О гимне Калужской области |ru_effective_date=через десять дней после официального опубликования |ru_published_in=Официальный сайт Законодательного Собрания Калужской области |ru_published_date=3 июня 2013 г |ru_url= |en_entity=Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast |en_type=Law |en_number=423-OZ |en_date=June 3, 2013 |en_title=On the Anthem of Kaluga Oblast |en_effective_date=the day which is ten days after the official publication |en_url= }}
External links
2 : Kaluga Oblast|States and territories established in 1944 |
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