| 词条 | Kanpur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Kanpur | native_name = | other_name = Cawnpore | settlement_type = Metropolis | image_skyline = Cawnporeskyline.jpg | image_alt = Kanpur | image_caption = Clockwise from top right: Green Park Stadium; Civil Lines district; Kanpur Police headquarters; Landmark Hotel; Kanpur Memorial Church; JK Temple | nickname = "Leather City of the world";[1] "Manchester of the India"[2] | map_alt = Kanpur | map_caption = Kanpur | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = Kanpur | pushpin_map_caption = Kanpur | coordinates = {{coord|26.449923|N|80.331874|E|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} India | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_type2 = Division | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name1 = Uttar Pradesh | subdivision_name2 = Kanpur | subdivision_name3 = Kanpur Nagar | leader_party = BJP | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Pramila Pandey | leader_title1 = Divisional Commissioner | leader_name1 = Pradeep Kumar Mohanty, IAS | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 403.70 | area_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=April 2018}} | elevation_m = 126 | population_total = 2,767,348 |population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_footnotes = [3] | population_metro = 2,920,496 | population_metro_footnotes = [4] | population_rank = 12th | population_blank1_title = Metro Rank | population_blank1 = 11th | population_demonym = Kanpurite, Kanpuriya | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 208 0xx • 209 2xx • 209 3xx • 209 4xx | area_code = 0512 | area_code_type = Telephone code | registration_plate = UP-78 (Kanpur Urban) UP-77 (Kanpur Rural) | blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}} | blank1_name_sec2 = Climate | blank1_info_sec2 = Cfa (Köppen) | website = {{URL|www.kanpurnagar.nic.in|Official District Website}} | leader_title2 = District Magistrate and Collector | leader_name2 = Vijay Vishwas Pant, IAS | leader_title3 = Inspector General, Kanpur Range | leader_name3 = Alok Singh, IPS | population_district = | blank2_name_sec1 = Sex ratio | blank2_info_sec1 = 0.855 ♂/♀ | blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy | blank3_info_sec1 = 84.37% | blank4_name_sec1 = HDI | blank4_info_sec1 = 0.663[5] | leader_name4 = Sonia Singh, IPS | leader_title4 = DIG/Senior Superintendent of Police }} Kanpur ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|p|ʊər}} {{audio|Kanpur.ogg|pronunciation}}; formerly Cawnpore) is the 11th most populous urban agglomeration in India, largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh, 12th most populous city in India, and the most populous metropolis in Uttar Pradesh. The city is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur division. The name of the city is believed be a variation of Kānh-pur, meaning "town of Kānh or Krishna".[6] Other theories are that the name is derived from Karnapur (meaning "town of Karna", one of the heroes of the Mahabharata), or that it came from the nearby town of Makanpur, earlier known as Khairabad, where the Sufi saint of the Madariya Sufi order, Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar, settled.[7] HistoryIn 1207, Raja Kanh Deo of the Kanhpuria clan established the village of Kanhpur, which later came to be known as Kanpur.[8][9] In 2018, Kanpur, was considered by the World Health Organization as the city with the world's worst air pollution.[10] 1857 uprising{{main|Siege of Cawnpore}}In the 19th century, Cawnpore was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, 900 British men, women and children were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad.[11] Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that, soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at by the rebel sepoys and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.[12] Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British under General Neill retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Cawnpore Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.[13] "Remember Cawnpore" became a war cry for British for the rest of the rebellion war. EconomyKanpur is the largest city in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is also the proposed capital of Western Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur is a large industrial metropolis. It is termed as 'Leather city of the world' and 'Manchester of India'.It is the most revenue generating city in Uttar Pradesh There are around 13,000 small scale and large scale industries. Kanpur has been a major hub of leather, pharmaceutical, textiles, chemicals and steel industries. Kanpur is also emerging as a major hub for automobile and I.T. industry. The manufacturing industry of Kanpur presently draws most of the investments to the city; however the economic identity of the city is dynamic and other sectors are also quickly emerging as profitable. Since Uttar Pradesh is one of the largest producers of food grains and milk in the country, it makes sense to develop the food processing industry in Kanpur. Headquarters of Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation and UP Stock Exchange are located in Kanpur Metropolitan areaThe metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometres around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side. It extends to Murtaza Nagar in the west. Its limit is up to Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit. On the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area.[14] In 1997-98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively. Climate{{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}{{Weather box|collapsed = |location = Kanpur |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |temperature colour = |Jan record high C = 31.1 |Feb record high C = 35.6 |Mar record high C = 42.8 |Apr record high C = 45.6 |May record high C = 47.2 |Jun record high C = 47.3 |Jul record high C = 45.0 |Aug record high C = 40.6 |Sep record high C = 40.0 |Oct record high C = 40.6 |Nov record high C = 36.1 |Dec record high C = 31.3 |year record high C = 47.3 |Jan high C = 23.1 |Feb high C = 25.9 |Mar high C = 32.3 |Apr high C = 38.3 |May high C = 40.7 |Jun high C = 39.0 |Jul high C = 33.8 |Aug high C = 32.9 |Sep high C = 33.2 |Oct high C = 33.0 |Nov high C = 29.4 |Dec high C = 24.8 |year high C = 32.2 |Jan low C = 7.9 |Feb low C = 10.3 |Mar low C = 15.3 |Apr low C = 21.4 |May low C = 25.4 |Jun low C = 27.4 |Jul low C = 26.3 |Aug low C = 25.9 |Sep low C = 24.6 |Oct low C = 19.6 |Nov low C = 13.0 |Dec low C = 8.6 |year low C = 18.7 |Jan record low C = 1.6 |Feb record low C = 0.6 |Mar record low C = 7.2 |Apr record low C = 11.1 |May record low C = 16.4 |Jun record low C = 20.6 |Jul record low C = 21.7 |Aug record low C = 21.7 |Sep record low C = 11.8 |Oct record low C = 4.6 |Nov record low C = 0.5 |Dec record low C = -0.9 |year record low C = -0.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 18.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 15.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 8.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 7.4 |May precipitation mm = 19.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 99.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 300.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 233.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 188.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 53.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 5.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 9.1 |year precipitation mm = 959.6 |Jan rain days = 1.9 |Feb rain days = 1.5 |Mar rain days = 1.0 |Apr rain days = 0.8 |May rain days = 1.2 |Jun rain days = 4.6 |Jul rain days = 13.7 |Aug rain days = 10.7 |Sep rain days = 6.8 |Oct rain days = 2.1 |Nov rain days = 0.4 |Dec rain days = 0.7 |year rain days = 45.5 |source 1 = India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[15][16] |date=August 2010 }} Demographics{{bar box|width = 300px|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0" |title=Religion in Kanpur[17] |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|78.03}}{{bar percent|Islam|#009000|19.85}}{{bar percent|Sikhism|#FFFF00|1.01}}{{bar percent| Christianity|#9955BB|0.46}} {{bar percent |Buddhism|#FF6600|0.06}}{{bar percent|Others|#1543BB|0.41}}}}{{further|Ethnic communities in Kanpur|List of people from Kanpur}}As per the provisional results of 2011 census, Kanpur city has a population of 2,767,031.[18] The literacy rate was 84.14 per cent and sex ratio was 842.[18] The Kanpur urban agglomeration had a population of 2,920,067 with a literacy rate of 83.98% and a sex ratio of 842.[19] There are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire Temple at The Mall.[20] Kanpur is majority Hindu with sizeable minorities of Buddhist, Sikh and Muslims. Administration and Politics
AdministrationGeneral administrationKanpur division which consists of seven districts, is headed by the divisional commissioner of Kanpur, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority, the commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.[33][34][35][36] The district magistrate of Kanpur reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Pradeep Kumar Mohanty.[21][22][23]Kanpur district administration is headed by the district magistrate of Kanpur, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city.[33][37][38][39] The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; one city magistrate; and seven additional city magistrates.[40] The district has three tehsils viz. Sadar, Bilhaur and Ghatampur, each headed by a sub-divisional magistrate.[40] The current DM is Vijay Vishwas Pant.[21][22][23] Police administration{{Main|Kanpur Police}}Kanpur district comes under the Kanpur Police Zone and Kanpur Police Range. Kanpur Zone is headed by an additional director general-ranked Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Kanpur Range is headed inspector general-ranked IPS officer. The current ADG, Kanpur Zone is Avanish Chandra,[24] and IG, Kanpur Range is Alok Singh.[25] The district police is headed by a deputy inspector general/senior superintendent of police (DIG/SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by seven superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for east, west, south, rural area, crime, traffic and modern control, who are either IPS officers or Provincial Police Service (PPS) officers.[26] Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.[26] The current DIG/SSP is Sonia Singh.[26] Civic Administration{{Main|Kanpur Development Authority|Kanpur Municipal Corporation}}The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Kanpur Development Authority (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government. The divisional commissioner of Kanpur acts as the ex-officio Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority.[41] The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is K. Vijayendra Pandian.[27][28] The Kanpur Municipal Corporation oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority. The current mayor of Kanpur is Captain (retired) Jagat Vir Singh Drona,[29] whereas the municipal commissioner is Avinash Singh.[29][30][31] JudiciaryThe Kanpur District Court is headed by the district judge of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The current district judge is Shashi Kant Shukla,[32] and the current chief metropolitan magistrate is Shabistan Aquil.[32] PoliticsKanpur Nagar district encompasses one Lok Sabha constituency and ten Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituencies. The current member of parliament in Lok Sabha for Kanpur is Murli Manohar Joshi.{{-}} TransportAirwaysCurrently Kanpur has three airports, which is the fifth highest in India, behind only Hyderabad, Bangalore, New Delhi and Pune. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport of Kanpur has scheduled commercial flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Varanasi & Bangalore. RailwaysKanpur Central is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station coming under the Allahabad railway division of North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. Around 300 trains pass through the station daily.[42] Other railway stations serving the city and its metropolitan region include Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri, Panki, Kalyanpur and Chakeri. RoadwaysThe city has had chronic problems with maintaining local roads.[43] There are several important National Highways that pass through Kanpur.
The UPSRTC Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur, officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station" or locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station" provides buses to important cities of India.[44] Other UPSRTC controlled Important Bus stations are Chunniganj Bus Stand for Farrukhabad, Bareilly and Uttranchal routes, Naubasta Bus Stand for Hamirpur route. Fazalganj is another hub for Private carriers. Kanpur also has a 215 kilometre network of Kanpur City Transport Services Limited serving the city for travel within its boundaries. Ring roadIn 2011 it was reported by The Indian Express that The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles to bypass the city, will be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP)"[45] Kanpur MetroKanpur Metro is an under construction rail based mass transit system in the city of Kanpur, India which shall further be extendable to Kanpur metropolitan area. The work of the first metro depot is 70 percent complete. Recently state government has raised budget for some of the pending works at metro yard. Work for Elevated corridors is likely to be start around first week of may Education and researchHigher EducationEducational institutions in the city include three state universities. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University is one of the largest universities in Asia catering to urban and rural students offering professional and academic courses in disciplines of Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology is an agricultural university named after the Indian revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad which caters to the needs of the farming community of 29 districts of Uttar Pradesh. Harcourt Butler Technical University (HBTI) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. A public engineering institution, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur is in the city. It was one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology established in 1959, created with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).[46][47] There is also a private university in the city: Rama University which is a part of the Rama Group.[48] There are several private Technical and Management institutions. Medical EducationGanesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College (GSVMMC or GSVM Medical College) is a state-run medical college in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1956 and named after Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, a freedom fighter and journalist from Kanpur. Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital (LLR Hospital), which is also known as Hallet Hospital, is associated with GSVM, Kanpur. See also
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web|url=http://www.kdaindia.co.in/contact.aspx|title=Contact Us|last=|first=|date=|website=Kanpur Development Authority|access-date=August 16, 2017}} 28. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|title=List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairmen of Development Authorities|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=August 21, 2017}} 29. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/|title=Home Page|last=|first=|date=|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation|access-date=August 16, 2017}} 30. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://kmc.up.nic.in/Contacts.htm |script-title=hi:वरिष्ठ अधिकारी|last=|first=|date=|website=Kanpur Municipal Corporation|publisher=|language=Hindi|trans-title=Senior Officers|access-date=August 16, 2017}} 31. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|title=PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=August 21, 2017}} 32. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/KanpurNagar.htm|title=Judicial Officers in Kanpur Nagar|last=|first=|date=|website=Allahabad High Court|access-date=August 16, 2017}} 33. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|last=|first=|date=|website=Government of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=August 30, 2017}} 34. ^{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration (6th Edition)|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=New Delhi|pages=563–572}} 35. ^{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=Delhi|pages=26–129}} 36. ^{{Cite book|title=Governance in India (2nd Edition)|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=Noida|pages=5.1–5.2}} 37. ^{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration (6th Edition)|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=New Delhi|pages=573–597}} 38. ^{{Cite book|title=Governance in India (2nd Edition)|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=Noida|pages=6.1–6.6}} 39. ^{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=Delhi|pages=50–124}} 40. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://kanpurnagar.nic.in/WorkDistribution/WorkDistribution.htm|title=Work Distribution :-|last=|first=|date=|website=Kanpur Nagar district website|access-date=August 16, 2017}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kdaindia.co.in/aboutkda.aspx|title=About KDA|last=|first=|date=|website=Kanpur Development Authority|access-date=August 16, 2017}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Around-300-trains-pass-through-Kanpur-Central-daily/articleshow/6884554.cms|title=Around 300 trains pass through Kanpur Central daily|publisher=The Times of India|date=7 November 2010|accessdate=15 April 2018|author=TN}} 43. ^Potholed roads, eight to ten hours long power cut, overflowing drains and contaminated drinking water which lead to bad health and contagious diseases tell the tale of the Industrial town, which is fast turning into a big slum. {{Cite news|author=Siddiqui, Faiz Rahman |title='Outsider' Joshi takes on 'local' Jaiswal |date=29 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Outsider-Joshi-takes-on-local-Jaiswal/articleshow/34371469.cms |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RExN9yav?url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Outsider-Joshi-takes-on-local-Jaiswal/articleshow/34371469.cms |archivedate=21 July 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }} 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/amenities.htm |title=UPSRTC |publisher=UPSRTC |date= |accessdate=2012-12-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128084712/http://www.upsrtc.com/amenities.htm |archivedate=28 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kanpur-to-get-outer-ring-road-to-bypass-traf/739887/ |title=Kanpur to get outer ring road to bypass traffic blues |publisher=Indianepress.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-20}} 46. ^Norman Dahl: Kanpur Indo-American Program; http://csg.csail.mit.edu/Dahl/kiapbooklet.pdf 47. ^Financial Statements and Performance Indicators. Jump up ^ Kelkar, P.K. (17 March 2006). "IIT Kanpur — History". IIT Kanpur 48. ^Private University Uttar Pradesh; http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=33&Unitype=3 External links{{commons category}}{{EB1911 poster|Cawnpore}}{{Wikivoyage}}
|Northwest = GT Amusement Park Town (GTAPT) |North = Gangotri Township |Northeast = Shuklaganj |West = New Kanpur City |Center = Kanpur City |South = Fazalganj |Southwest = Rawatpur, shivrajpur, bilhaur, kannuj |Southeast = Govind Nagar |East = Kanpur Cantonment |}}{{Navboxes |list ={{Kanpur}}{{Million-plus cities in India}}{{Kanpur district}}{{Kanpur division topics}}{{Hindi Speaking Areas of India}}{{Uttar Pradesh}} }}{{Authority control}} 3 : Kanpur|Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011|Cities in Uttar Pradesh |
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