| 词条 | Johan Beyen | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = His Excellency |name = Johan Beyen |image = Johan Beyen 1955 (1).jpg |imagesize = 250px |caption = Johan Beyen in 1955 |office = Ambassador of the Netherlands to France |term_start = 1 January 1957 |term_end = 1 January 1962 |predecessor = Unknown |successor = Unknown |office1 = Ambassador of the Netherlands to Germany |term_start1 = 1 January 1957 |term_end1 = 1 January 1958 |predecessor1 = Unknown |successor1 = Unknown |office3 = Minister of Foreign Affairs |term_start3 = 2 September 1952 |term_end3 = 13 October 1956 |primeminister3 = Willem Drees |predecessor3 = Dirk Stikker |successor3 = Joseph Luns |birthname = Johan Willem Beijen |birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|05|02|df=y}} |birth_place = Utrecht, Netherlands |death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|04|29|1897|05|02|df=y}} |death_place = The Hague, Netherlands |nationality = Dutch |party = Independent Liberal |spouse = {{marriage|Petronella Hijmans van Anrooy|28 March 1922|26 October 1945|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Margaretha Lubinka|14 November 1945|29 April 1976|reason=his death}} |children = Has Beyen (1923–2002) 1 other son and 1 daughter (first marriage) 1 stepson (second marriage) |residence = |alma_mater = Utrecht University (Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws) |occupation = Politician · Diplomat · Civil servant · Economist · Financial adviser · Financial analyst · Businessman · Banker · Corporate director · Nonprofit director · Lobbyist |signature = |website = }}Johan Willem "Wim" Beyen (2 May 1897 – 29 April 1976) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of Liberal signature and businessman. Beyen played an important role in the creation of the European Economic Community and is regarded as one of the Founding fathers of the European Union.[1] PersonaliaThe official surname of Johan Willem (Wim) Beyen was Beijen, but he preferred to write his name as Beyen because he thought that this name was more appropriate for his international connections (the "ij" digraph only occurs in Dutch). His father, Karel Hendrik Beijen, was a lawyer. He was the company secretary of the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, one of the Dutch railroad companies. His mother, Louisa Maria Coenen, stemmed from a family of musicians. He had two brothers. One of them was the archeologist Hendrik Gerard Beyen. In 1922, Wim Beyen married Petronella J.G. (Nelly) Hijmans van Anrooij. They had two sons and a daughter. At the end of the 1930s Beyen had a relationship with the Austrian Margaretha Antonia (Gretel) Lubinka. After World War II his first marriage was dissolved and he married Gretel. This marriage was a very happy one. Wim Beyen died in 1976. EducationWim Beyen grew up in Utrecht and the neighbouring town of Bilthoven. He studied law at Utrecht University. In 1918, he was awarded a doctorate in law. Successful careers in the public and the private sectorAfter his study Beyen was engaged as a temporary assistant clerk at the Dutch Ministry of Finance. At that time, he was only 21 years old. Within a few years he rose to the rank of Deputy Treasurer-General. After 1924, Beyen had several positions in the business sector: secretary of the board of Philips, head of the Dutch branch of the central bank of the Dutch East Indies, director of one of the predecessors of the AMRO Bank, vice president and from 1937 president of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, and director of Unilever. During World War II, he was, in addition to his position at Unilever, financial advisor to the Dutch government in exile in London. In 1944, he played an important role during the Bretton Woods conference where the foundations were laid for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. From 1946, he was the Dutch representative in the board of the World Bank and from 1948 also in that of the IMF. Minister of Foreign AffairsIn 1952 Wim Beyen, who did not belong to a political party, was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Drees cabinet. He was asked in order to ensure a better balance of powers within the cabinet. It was an odd situation that Joseph Luns, who was a member of the Catholic People's Party, was Minister without portfolio in the same Ministry. One of the jokes about this construction was "The Netherlands is so small, and therefore their foreign countries altogether are so large, that one Minister of Foreign Affairs is not enough." The relationship between both ministers was not too good, because they had a completely different style of operating and disagreed about several issues. Beyen, for instance, had serious objections to Luns' attitude in the disputes with Indonesia about Netherlands New Guinea. After the 1956 elections Beyen's political career came to an end. There was no longer a need for a nonpartisan minister in the cabinet. Founder of European integrationWim Beyen played a very important role in the creation of the European Economic Community. In August 1954 the plans had collapsed to create a European Political Community and a common defence force, the European Defence Community, as a substitute for the national armies of France, Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries, when France refused to ratify the Treaty. Beyen realized that European integration in the political field would be impossible in the near future. He was convinced that had to be begun with economic cooperation, and developed a plan that called for a European common market, combined with the idea of a political community. He was in favour of horizontal integration instead of continuing with a sector by sector integration along the lines of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).[2] On 4 April 1955 he sent a memorandum to his Benelux colleagues Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) and Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) in which he proposed his idea of a customs union. In a meeting of the three Foreign Ministers of the Benelux in The Hague on 23 April 1955 they drafted a joint memorandum to present to their colleagues of the ECSC. They finalized the memorandum (the Benelux memorandum) on 18 May 1955 and presented it to the governments of France, Germany and Italy on 20 May 1955. They proposed to discuss in a conference of the six participating countries of the ECSC the way towards a general integration of the European economy. This conference, the Messina Conference, was held from 1 to 3 June 1955. Beyen headed the Dutch delegation. The final resolution of the conference largely reflected Beyen's point of view. It formed the basis for further work to relaunch European integration and would lead to the Treaties of Rome in 1957 and the formation of the European Economic Community and Euratom in 1958. Decorations
References1. ^{{nl icon}} {{cite web|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn1/bwn2/bwn2/beijen|title=Beijen, Johan Willem (1897-1976)|publisher=Huygens ING|date=12 November 2013|accessdate=28 February 2019}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/en/3cb9e142-6ac4-4184-8794-fc3cf619cf33/6b18f73f-88d7-4596-83a8-c6052b352bd4/Resources#197af558-d77d-40aa-b517-ba468d61919e_en&overlay |title=The Beyen Plan |publisher=CVCE |date= |accessdate=2015-01-16}} External links{{Commons category}}
Ministry of Finance Ad interim|years=1923}}{{s-aft|after=Arnold van Doorninck}}{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before=Dirk Stikker}}{{s-ttl|title=Minister of Foreign Affairs|years=1952–1956}}{{s-aft|after=Joseph Luns}}{{s-dip}}{{s-bef|before=Unknown}}{{s-ttl|title=Ambassador of the Netherlands to Germany|years=1957–1958}}{{s-aft|after=Unknown}}{{s-bef|before=Unknown}}{{s-ttl|title=Ambassador of the Netherlands to France|years=1958–1962}}{{s-aft|after=Unknown}}{{s-bus}}{{s-bef|before=Office established|rows=2}}{{s-ttl|title=Executive Director of the World Bank Group|years=1946–1948}}{{s-aft|after=Unknown}}{{s-ttl|title=Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund|years=1946–1948}}{{s-aft|after=Unknown}}{{s-end}}{{Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands}}{{Second Drees cabinet}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Beyen, Johan}} 41 : 1897 births|1976 deaths|Advocates of the European Union|Ambassadors of the Netherlands to France|Ambassadors of the Netherlands to Germany|Directors of Philips|Dutch bankers|Dutch corporate directors|Dutch expatriates in England|Dutch expatriates in Indonesia|Dutch expatriates in Switzerland|Dutch expatriates in the United States|Dutch financial advisors|Dutch financial analysts|Dutch nonprofit executives|Dutch nonprofit directors|Dutch officials of the European Union|Dutch lobbyists|Dutch people of World War II|European civil servants|European Union diplomats|European Union lobbyists|European integration pioneers|Financial economists|Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau|Independent politicians in the Netherlands|International economists|International Monetary Fund people|Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion|Monetarists|Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands|People from De Bilt|People from Utrecht (city)|Unilever people|Utrecht University alumni|World Bank people|20th-century Dutch businesspeople|20th-century Dutch civil servants|20th-century Dutch diplomats|20th-century Dutch economists|20th-century Dutch politicians |
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