“Kapenta”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Tanganyika sardine is known as kapenta or matemba in Zambia and Zimbabwe (a related but different fish known as dagaa or ndaga is Rastrineobola argentea). Kapenta is really two species (Lake Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon and Lake Tanganyika sprat, Stolothrissa tanganicae), both of which are small, planktivorous, pelagic, freshwater clupeid originating from Lake Tanganyika in Zambia. They form the major biomass of pelagic fish in Lake Tanganyika, swimming in large schools in the open lake, feeding on copepods and potentially jellyfish. Their major predators are four species of Lates which are also endemic to Lake Tanganyika, and are related to (but not the same as) the Nile perch in Lake Victoria. All of these pelagic fish have suffered from overfishing in the last two{{when|date=November 2018}} decades.

Limnothrissa miodon has been successfully introduced in both natural and artificial African lakes. Large kapenta fisheries now take place in the Lake Kariba (Zambia/Zimbabwe) and Cahora Bassa (Mozambique).

Limnothrissa miodon is usually around 10 cm long, its maximum length is 17 cm. Stolothrissa tanganicae is smaller at 7 cm (maximum 10 cm).

Fishing

This fish is caught at night using kapenta rigs, these rigs use mercury lights connected to portable generators to attract the fish to the rig. A dip net measuring roughly six metres in diameter and around 8 to 10 metres in length is then used to bring the fish up from anything from 40 metres (130 ft).^[1]

Sustainability

In recent years there has been a steady decline in the kapenta population.^[2] In order to maintain the kapenta population certain countries have made it illegal to fish for kapenta in shallow water (less than 20 metres), as the kapenta breed in this shallow water,^[3] and have introduced licences to control and monitor fishing.^[2]

Food

Kapenta is usually dried in the sun on a clean surface such as concrete slabs, rocks or netting. Drying on racks gives the best results.^[4] Drying takes one day or more, depending on the weather. Unfortunately the kapenta season coincides with the rainy season when the fish congregates^[5] and sundrying may not always be possible causing post-harvest losses. These losses are mostly economical as the lower quality dried fish fetches a lower price. In the worst case the dried fish is used as chicken feed. Salting before drying is a solution: kapenta is salted at a ratio normally of 2.5 kg per 30 kg (1 lb per 12 lb) of fish, and dried in the hot Zambezi Valley sun. It is a hugely important staple, providing refrigeration-free protein to people of Africa. A cup of dried kapenta will feed a family. Dried kapenta is preferred to the slightly bitter dried dagaa from Lake Victoria, but poor people will buy dagaa because of its lower price.

In Zimbabwe, dried kapenta fish are shallow fried with onions, tomatoes and goundnut powder. They are eaten with traditional staple meal called isitshwala or sadza.

Fresh kapenta is also packed in plastic pouches and frozen. Frozen kapenta is popular but more expensive than dried kapenta. Fresh kapenta is not sold in the markets, except in fishing villages.

In the 1960s and 1970s, some fishery development projects experimented with smoke-dried kapenta, salted or not, but this never caught on.

Marinated kapenta can be made from kapenta fillets put in vinegar with salt and kept in a refrigerator. After two or three days the vinegar is discarded and the fish is quickly rinsed with clean water. Then the fillets are put in a mix of olive oil, vinegar, sugar, garlic, chili peppers, and lots of parsley or celery. After another two or three days in the fridge, the marinated fillets are ready to eat.

It is an important bait fish for the African tigerfish (Alestidae family) and, although introduced in Kariba and Cahora Bassa, does not seem to have harmed the environment.

It is an important contributor to the economies of the areas it is caught in.^[6]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://zimbabwefishing.uuuq.com/farming.htm |title=Fish Farming in Zimbabwe|website=Zimbabwe Fishing|accessdate=22 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126214151/http://zimbabwefishing.uuuq.com/farming.htm |archivedate=26 January 2011 |df= }}
2. ^¹"ZAMBIA: Lake Tanganyika fishing industry adrift", IRIN Africa.
3. ^"17 kapenta rigs impounded during sting operation", Bumi Hills Anti Poaching Unit, 17 August 2011
4. ^{{cite web|last=Mutsekwa|first=S.E.|title=Post-harvest handling of kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) at Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0606b/T0606B07.htm|work=Proceedings of the symposium on post-harvest fish technology, Cairo, Egypt, 21–22 October 1990|publisher=FAO|accessdate=19 September 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web|last=Pearce|first=M.J.|title=Some effects of Lates spp. on pelagic and demersal fish in Zambian waters of Lake Tanganyika|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/S7047E/S7047E06.htm|work=Lewis, D. (ed.), 1988 Predator-prey relationships, population dynamics and fisheries productivities of large African lakes. CIFA Occas. Pap., (15): 154 p.|publisher=FAO|accessdate=19 September 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|last=Madamombe|first=Loveness|title=The economic development of the kapenta fishery lake Kariba (Zimbabwe/Zambia)|url=http://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/336/thesis.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø|accessdate=22 May 2012}}