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{{Year nav topic5|1848|science}}The year 1848 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Events- September 20 – The American Association for the Advancement of Science is set up in Pennsylvania by re-formation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, with William Charles Redfield as its first president.
Astronomy- September 16 – William Cranch Bond and William Lassell discover Hyperion, Saturn's moon.
- Lord Rosse studies M1 and names it the Crab Nebula.
- Édouard Roche calculates the Roche limit.[1]
- Rudolf Wolf (in Zurich) devises a way of quantifying sunspot activity, the Wolf number.[2]
Botany- April 16 – Joseph Dalton Hooker arrives at Darjeeling to begin the first European plant collecting expedition in the Himalayas.
Chemistry- Edward Frankland, working in Germany, discovers the organometallic compound diethylzinc.
Exploration- Admiral Nevelskoi demonstrates that the Strait of Tartary is a strait.
Medicine- September 13 – Vermont railroad worker Phineas Gage survives a 3-foot-plus (1 m) iron rod being driven through his head, providing a demonstration of the effects of damage to the brain's frontal lobe.
- November 1 – The first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School, opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
- Alfred Baring Garrod recognises that excess uric acid in the blood is the cause of gout.[3]
- Rudolf Virchow produces a Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia advocating broad social as well as public health measures to counter such outbreaks.[4]
Physics- Lord Kelvin establishes concept of absolute zero, the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases.[5]
- Nicholas Callan of Maynooth College invents an improved form of battery.[6]
- Hippolyte Fizeau and John Scott Russell present studies of the Doppler effect in electromagnetic and sound waves respectively.[7]
Technology- August 15 – James Warren submits a U.K. patent application for the Warren truss.
- James Bogardus erects the first free-standing cast-iron architectural façade, the Milhau Pharmacy Building in New York City.
- Completion of palm houses at Kew Gardens, London, and the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, by Richard Turner of Dublin.
- Joseph-Louis Lambot constructs the first ferrocement boat.
- Linus Yale Sr., invents the modern pin tumbler lock.[8]
Awards- Copley Medal: John Couch Adams
- Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Buckland
Births- March 8 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson (died 1919), American inventor.
- April 9 – Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti (died 1930), British-born electrical engineer and inventor
- May 23 – Otto Lilienthal (died 1896), German aviation pioneer.
- June 12 – Albertina Carlsson (died 1930) Swedish zoologist.
- June 22 – William Macewen (died 1924), Scottish surgeon.
- July 7 – Cuthbert Hilton Golding-Bird (died 1939), English surgeon.
- August 14 – Margaret Lindsay (died 1915), Irish astronomer.
- November 8 – Gottlob Frege (died 1925), German mathematician.
- November 27 – Henry A. Rowland (died 1901), American physicist.
Deaths- January 9 – Caroline Herschel (born 1750), German astronomer.
- January 12 – Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville (born 1848), French explorer and naturalist.
- January 24 – Horace Wells, American dentist, pioneer of the use of anesthesia, suicide (born 1815).
- August 7 – Jöns Jakob Berzelius (born 1779), Swedish chemist.
- August 12 – George Stephenson (born 1781), English locomotive engineer.
- December 18 – Bernard Bolzano (born 1781), Bohemian mathematician.
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/saturn/faq.html#roche|title=What is the Roche limit?|work=Frequently Asked Questions About Saturn's Rings|first=Ron|last=Baalke|accessdate=2013-02-18|publisher=JPL}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=The Sun – History|url=http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/whsun.html|date=2001-11-25|accessdate=2012-01-08}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Storey|first=G. D.|title=Alfred Baring Garrod (1819-1907)|journal=Rheumatology|location=Oxford|volume=40|issue=10|pages=1189–90|pmid=11600751|url=http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/10/1189|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189|date=October 2001}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Silver|first=George A. |title=Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=77|pages=82–88|pmid=3538915|pmc=1646803 |date=January 1987 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82}}
5. ^{{cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Kelvin, Lord William Thomson (1824–1907)|work=Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography|publisher=Wolfram Research Products|year=1996|url=http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Kelvin.html|accessdate=2007-03-12}}
6. ^Year-book of Facts. 1848.
7. ^Fizeau, Hippolyte. "Acoustique et optique". Unpublished lecture to Société Philomathique (Paris), 29 December 1848; {{cite journal|last=Scott Russell|first=John|url=http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~chris/doppler.html|title=On certain effects produced on sound by the rapid motion of the observer|journal=Report of the Eighteen Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science|year=1848|volume=18|issue=7|pages=37–38|publisher=John Murray|location=London|accessdate=2013-07-29}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=The Geek Atlas: 128 Places Where Science and Technology Come Alive|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhEC0q-O1ewC&pg=PA445&lpg=PA445&dq=Linus+Yale,+Sr.+modern+pin+tumbler+lock&source=bl&ots=MhDEksIeaw&sig=HqrCbHyFvLDC2BN5Mzt4SiFby_w&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r4PiT-vyCIn-8ATL57iGCA&ved=0CGIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Linus%20Yale%2C%20Sr.%20modern%20pin%20tumbler%20lock&f=false|page=445}}
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