| 词条 | Karaka (tree) |
| 释义 |
|name = Karaka |image = Corynocarpuslaevigatus.jpg |image_caption = Illustration by John Frederick Miller |genus = Corynocarpus |species = laevigatus |authority = J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. }} Karaka or New Zealand laurel (Corynocarpus laevigatus) is an evergreen tree of the family Corynocarpaceae endemic to New Zealand. It is common throughout the North and South Islands to Banks Peninsula (43°45′S) and Okarito (43°20′S), on the Three Kings Islands, on Raoul Island in the Kermadecs, and on the Chatham Islands.[1] It is widespread in coastal habitats,[2] often forming a major component of coastal forest, though it rarely dominates. Most botanists consider it to be native only to the northern half of the North Island, having been planted elsewhere by Māori near former village sites, and subsequently spread by birds. The common name karaka comes from the Māori language, and is also the Māori term for the colour orange, from the colour of the fruit. In the Chatham Islands, it is called kōpī, its name in the Moriori language. It is naturalised and considered invasive in Hawaii. DescriptionKaraka is a leafy canopy tree with erect or spreading branches. It grows to heights up to 15 m and has a stout trunk up to 1 m in diameter. The thick, leathery leaves are glossy, dark green above and paler beneath, 50–200 mm long, and 30–70 mm wide with petioles 10–15 mm long. In winter and spring (August to November), karaka produces stout, erect panicles of tiny flowers. Individual flowers are 4–5 mm in diameter and greenish-cream to off-white or pale yellow. The fruit is an ellipsoid to ovoid drupe 25–46 mm long, with pale yellow to orange flesh, containing a single seed.[1] The fruit ripens in summer and autumn (January to April) and the seeds are mostly dispersed by columbiform birds which eat the fruit. EcologyThis evergreen tree is a popular place for smaller birds to sleep during the winter. It is of great value to birds and other fauna, including invertebrates that feed on their fruits and disperse their seeds. The ability to bear fruit in winter gives this plant an important ecological value, being a good food source for many species, especially birds, at a time when resources are scarce. CultivationKaraka may be easily grown from fresh seed, but cuttings are very difficult to strike. Young plants are frost-tender and sensitive to cold. The tree often naturalises in suitable habitats. It is common in cultivation and widely available for sale both in New Zealand and in suitable climates elsewhere.[1] It was widely cultivated by the Māori, who carried its seeds aboard sailing canoes over immense distances of up to 800 km or more to establish nut orchards on the Kermadec Islands and Chatham Islands. [3] However, the raw seeds are poisonous and require special treatment to render them safe to eat.[4] Toxicity and usesThe pulp of the fruit is edible, although bitter, but the fresh kernels contain the toxic alkaloid karakin. Accounts from the 19th century record that extensive processing was used by Māori to convert the kernels to an edible form, and mention that if the processing was not done with the greatest care, poisoning would result with symptoms including violent convulsions and severe muscle spasms which could leave the limbs permanently fixed in contorted positions. Death resulted in a few cases.[5] The berries are toxic if ingested by dogs and may result in death. CultureOn the Chatham Islands this tree (locally known as kopi)[6] has played a distinguished role in the history of Moriori people: the soft bark of these trees has been used for making dendroglyphs.[7] A report in 2000 noted the existence of 147 kopi trees with dendroglyphs, though some may not have been authentically Moriori.[8] References{{Commons category|Corynocarpus laevigatus}}1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1762 |title=Corynocarpus laevigatus |date=15 January 2012 |publisher=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |accessdate=21 May 2013}} 2. ^{{cite dictionary |title=The New Zealand Dictionary |date=1994 |publisher=New House |}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Crowe |first1=Andrew |title=Pathway of the Birds: The Voyaging Achievements of Māori and their Polynesian Ancestors |date=2018 |publisher=Bateman |location=Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=9781869539610 |page=195 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/41112497-pathway-of-the-birds}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Crowe |first1=Andrew |title=A Field Guide to the Native Edible Plants of New Zealand |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin |location=Auckland, New Zealand |isbn=0143019228 |edition=4th |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3326230-a-field-guide-to-the-native-edible-plants-of-new-zealand}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Skey |first1=W. |year=1871 |title=Preliminary Notes on the Isolation of the Bitter Substance of the Nut of the Karaka Tree (Corynocarpus lævigata) |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute |volume=4 |pages=316–321 |url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_04/rsnz_04_00_002360.html |accessdate=22 May 2013}} 6. ^Chatham Islands - Te Ara encyclopedia http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/page-3 7. ^Wondermondo armchair guide to world attractions http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Au/NZ/Chatham/Hapupu.htm 8. ^Fraser W. Jopson and Craig R. McKibbin, "Moriori tree carvings, Chatham Islands: Close-range photogrammetric record and survey," Department of Conservation Technical Series 20 (September 2000), p. 8. External links
4 : Corynocarpaceae|Trees of New Zealand|Ornamental trees|Poisonous plants |
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