| 词条 | Kargil district |
| 释义 |
2. Zanskar|Collector=|Highways=|Website=http://kargil.nic.in/|Rural=|Rural population=1,24,464}} The Kargil district is a district of Ladakh division in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It spans the entire length of the state in the north-south direction, with the Pakistan-administered region of Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, the Kashmir and Jammu divisions to the west, and the Leh district of the Ladakh division to the east. Zanskar is part of Kargil district along with Suru, Wakha and Dras valleys. {{As of|2011}}, it is the least populous district of the 22 districts in Jammu and Kashmir.[1] Of total population, 77% are Muslims, of which 65% follow Shia Islam. Buddhism and Hinduism represent 14.5% and 8% of the local population respectively.[2]EtymologyThe name Kargil is said to be derived from the words Khar and rKil. Khar means castle and rKil means centre thus a place between castles as the place lay between many kingdoms. The competing theory is that Kargil has been derived from the words "Gar" and "Khil". Gar in local language mean ‘Anywhere’ and Khil means a central place where people could stay. Earlier it was called Purig. A major study of the history of Purig is included in the book Qadeem Ladakh by Kacho Sikander Khan which includes genealogy of various dynasties that ruled the region. HistoryStarting in 1590, the Gyalpo (king) of Leh, Sengge Namgyal, extended his control over Western Tibet. Between 1640–1675, Purig came under the control of his grandson Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal, along with Zanskar and other parts of the modern Ladakh Division.{{sfn|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961|p=477}} Jammu and KashmirIn 1822, Raja Gulab Singh of the Dogra dynasty was anointed as the Raja of Jammu by the Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh. In 1834, Gulab Singh sent his general Zorawar Singh Kahluria to conquer the territory between Jammu and the Tibetan border. Marching through Kishtwar, Zorawar Singh reached Purig and defeated the Bhotia leader Mangal at Sankoo in August. Kartse, the then capital of Purig, fell into Zorawar Singh's hands, who built a fort there before advancing towards Leh. Tshed-Pal, the Gyalpo of Leh, was defeated and reinstalled as a subsidiary of the Dogras. Meanwhile, the chief of Sod rebelled and Zorawar Singh returned to reassert his authority. Zanskar offered submission subsequently.{{sfn|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961|p=480}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=77–78}} The Ladakhis rebelled repeatedly, instigated by the Sikh governor Mihan Singh of Kashmir. They also received support from Ahmed Shah of Baltistan. Zorawar Singh returned in 1839 to quell the rebellion and conquered Baltistan as well.{{sfn|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961|pp=481–482}}{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|pp=78–80}} Following the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Amritsar (1846), Gulab Singh was made an independent Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930|p=112}} The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, as it eventually came to be called, was organised into two large provinces, Jammu and Kashmir, and two frontier ilaqas, Ladakh and Gilgit.{{sfn|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013|pp=30–31}} Ladakh was a wazarat (district) with a governor called wazir-e-wazarat. It had three tehsils: Leh, Kargil and Skardu. Initially, the Wazir used to spend four months each at Leh, Kargil and Skardu. But shifting the entire staff so often proved too exhausting and, so, the shifting was eventually limited to Leh and Skardu. The city of Kargil always had a tehsil headquarters. It was a key centre, being equidistant from Srinagar, Leh and Skardu. Zanskar, which was once part of the Kishtwar district was merged into the Kargil tehsil.{{sfn|Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control|2004|p=35}} PartitionDuring the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, there were pitched battles fought around Kargil which saw the entire area including Drass and Zoji La Pass initially coming under Pakistan control before most of it being reclaimed by Indian troops by November 1948.[3] It remained with India after the ceasefire. It again saw some action in the Second Kashmir War with India managing to wrest back the reminder of the Kargil area twice. The first capture was on 17 May 1965, when skirmishes broke out in Rann of Kutch, and India retaliated in the Kashmir sector.[3] However, this had to be returned as per UNMOGIP treatise. On 15 August, the same year Kargil fell to Indian forces, though it was once again returned as part of the Tashkent Agreement.[3] However, in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the entire Kargil region including key posts was captured by Indian troops under leadership of Col. Chewang Rinchen .[4] To straighten the line of control in the area, the Indian Army launched night attacks when the ground temperatures sank to below −17 °C and about 15 enemy posts located at height of 16,000 feet and more were captured.[5] After Pakistan forces lost the war and agreed to the Shimla Agreement, Kargil and other strategic areas nearby remained with India.[6] Kargil became a separate district in the Ladakh region during the year 1979 when it was bifurcated from the Leh district. In the spring of 1999, under a covert plan of the then Army Chief Pervez Musharraf, armed infiltrators from Pakistan, aided by the Pakistani army, occupied vacant high posts in the Kargil and Drass regions. The result was a limited scale conflict (Kargil War) between the two nuclear equipped nations that ended with India regaining the Kargil region through military power and diplomatic pressure. GeographyKargil district is nestled in the Himalayas, giving it a cool, temperate climate. Summers are warm with cool nights, while winters are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to {{convert|−15|C|abbr=on}} with recorded temperatures of {{convert|−60|C|abbr=on}} in the tiny town of Dras, situated {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}} from the Kargil town. The Zanskar Valley is colder. Kargil district is spread over {{convert|14086|km2|abbr=on}}. The Suru River flows through the district. National Highway 1D, connecting Srinagar to Leh, passes through Kargil. This highway is typically open for traffic only from May to December due to heavy snowfall at the Zoji La. Kargil is {{convert|204|km|abbr=on}} from the capital city of Srinagar. There is a partially paved road leading from Kargil south to Zanskar. Total distance to Zanskar is nearly {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}}, which is again open only from June to September. Both India and Pakistan have considered linking the Pakistani town of Skardu to Kargil via a bus route to facilitate free movement of Kashmiris in the area.[7]DemographicsAccording to the 2011 census Kargil district has a population of 140,802.[1][8] This gives it a ranking of 603rd in India (out of a total of 640).[1] The district has a population density of {{convert|10|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .[1] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.18%.[1] Kargil has a sex ratio of 810 females per every 1000 males,[1] and a literacy rate of 71.34%.[1] Of total population, 77% are Muslims, of which 65% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in the north (Kargil town, Drass, and the lower Suru valley). Of the remainder, 14% of the total population practise Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol and Mulbekh. Remaining 8% of the native population follow Hinduism and Sikhism. {{bar box| title = Religions in Kargil | titlebar = #Fcd116 | left1 = Religion | right1 = Percent | float = right | bars ={{bar percent|Islam (mainly Shia)|green|76.87}}{{bar percent|Buddhism|gold|14.29}}{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|7.34}}{{bar percent|Others|red|1.5}} | caption = Distribution of religions †{{small|Includes Sikhs (0.2%).}}[9] }} Much of Kargil population is inhabited by the Purig and Balti people of Tibetan origin (converting from Buddhism to Islam in the 16th Century) and have intermingled with the Dard, Mon and other Aryan people. The mainly Muslim Dards inhabit the valley of Drass and speak Shina, a small number of Buddhist Dards, known as Brokpa, inhabit the Dha-Hanu region along the Indus River. Some Arghons and Shina are also settled in Kargil Town. LanguagesThe Balti-Purgi language is spoken by about 78 percent population of Kargil while 10 percent speak Dardic Shina language. Balti is a dialect of Tibetan and is spoken by the inhabitants of Askardu (Baltistan) and Turtuk in the Nubra valley of the Leh district as well. The Buddhists of Zanskar speak the Ladakhi language of the same language group. The Dardic Shina language is also spoken by about 50 per cent of the inhabitants of regions like Drass and Batalik.[10] CultureThough earlier Tibetan contact has left a profound influence upon the people of both Kargil and Leh, after the spread of Shia Islam the people of Kargil came under heavy influence of Persian culture. This is apparent by the rigorous use of Persian words and phrases in the popular religious as well as other songs called marsias and qasidas. At least until recently, some Kargilis, especially those of the Agha families descendants of Syed preachers who were in a direct line descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, were sent to Iraq for their education.[11] Native Ladakhis go for higher Islamic studies in seminarieis in Najaf, Iraq and Qom, Iran. These non-Agah scholars are popularly called as "Shiekh". Some among the most prominent religious scholars include Imam-e-Jummah, Sheikh Mussa Shariefi, Sheikh Ahmed Mohammadi,[12] Shiekh Hussain Zakiri and Shiekh Anwar .[13] Social ceremonies such as marriages still carry many customs and rituals which are common to both the Muslims and Buddhists. Among the two districts of Ladakh, Kargil has a more mixed ethnic population and thus there are more regional dialects spoken in Kargil as compared to Leh. Local folk songs which are called rgya-glu and balti ghazals are still quite popular and are performed enthusiastically at social gatherings. The J&K tourism ministry annually organises festivals in which various programmes are organised to highlight the culture so as to boost the tourism industry in the district. However, the tourism industry is still undeveloped despite attractive natural as well as rich cultural resources due to bad infrastructure and severe accommodation problems. ClimateThe climate is cold and temperate. The average annual temperature in Kargil is 8.6 °C. About 318 mm of precipitation falls annually.The driest month is November with 6 mm. Most precipitation falls in March, with an average of 82 mm.The warmest month of the year is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C. In January, the average temperature is -8.8 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 76 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 32.1 °C.[14] {{Weather box/concise_C|width=auto| location = Kargil, India | source = Climate-Data.org[15] | -4.3 |1.6 |4.3 |13.5|20.9|25.7|29.2|28.6|24.2|17.8|9.8|0.9 | -13.2 |-11.9|-4.9 |3.3|9|13.3|17.4|17|12|4.9|-1.6|-8.1 | 46|51|82|35|26|11|7|10|10|8|6|26 }} WildlifeKargil is home to many endangered wildlife species like snow leopard, Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus langier), Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), Asiatic ibex (Capra ibex), Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei), musk deer (Moschus spp.), pikas, marmots and hares. Aishwarya Maheshwari of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is quoted as saying, "It is here in Kargil that one of world’s most elusive creatures, the snow leopard, roams wild and free. During my research I have learnt about the tremendous decline in wildlife sightings since the 1999 Kargil war, so much so that even the common resident birds had disappeared."[16][17][18] Besides these endangered form of life various species of birds including the black necked magpie, house sparrow, hoopoe,[19] rosefinches, red-billed choughs, eastern chiffchaff, common sandpiper and European goldfinches are a common sight in the summer.[20] The Indian Army rears horses, donkeys and mares for transportation purposes. Administration{{Infobox legislature| name = Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil | house_type = Autonomous Hill Council | body = Kargil District | houses = | leader1_type = Chief Executive Councillor | leader1 = Feroz Ahmad Khan | party1 = NC | election1 = | leader2_type = | leader2 = | party2 = | election2 = | leader3_type = | leader3 = | party3 = | election3 = | members = 30 Councillors | political_groups1 = Indian National Congress | political_groups2 = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference | voting_system1 = 26 plurality voting | voting_system2 = 4 nominated | last_election1 = | last_election2 = | session_room = | session_res = | session_alt = | meeting_place = Kargil |political_groups3=PDP|political_groups4=Bharatiya Janata Party}} The Kargil district was formed in July 1979, by separating it from Leh. It is dived into three tehsils: Kargil, Sankoo and Zanskar.[21] These are further subdivided into 9 blocks:[22]
Each block consists of a number of panchayats. PoliticsKargil District has two assembly constituencies, Zanskar and Kargil.[23] It forms part of the Ladakh parliamentary constituency. Major political parties in the region includes National Conference, Congress, PDP, BJP, LUTF (now merged with the BJP) and the erstwhile Kargil Alliance. The present Member of Parliament for Ladakh is Thupstan Chhewang of Bharatiya Janata Party. Vikas kundal, (IAS) is the current District Development Commissioner Kargil.[24] Ladakh Autonomous Hill CouncilLadakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil (LAHDC-K), set up in the year 2003, is a locally elected body. It consists of Thirty Councillors, Twenty-six of whom are elected from the respective constituencies while Four are nominated from the Principal Minority and Women folk. The Council is headed by The Chief Executive Councillor and has four other Executive Councillors. The Chief Executive Councillor possess the rank and powers of a Cabinet Minister while the Executive Councillors possess the rank and status of Deputy Minister. The 3rd General Election of LAHDC-K was held on the 22 August 2013.[25] Overall voter turnout was 79.65%[26] The election resulted in a hung house at first with the two major parties, Indian National Congress and National Conference, along with their allies the IKMT and the Islamia School Kargil respectively managing to secure 11 seats each. However, after the deliberations of the State Coordination Committee, the INC was declared to head the new council.[27] Haji Mohammad Hanifa Jan has replaced Haji Asgar Ali Karbalai and took oath as the new Chief Executive Councillor, LAHDC Kargil.{{fact|date=April 2018}} References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | accessdate = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^1 2 Kargil: what might have happened By Javed Hussain 21 October 2006, Dawn 4. ^Assault on Enemy OPs in Kargil Posts that were returned in 1965 twice occupied again {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105025357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/1971/Dec08/Art01.htm |date=2006-11-05 }} - A dramatised account of India's assault on Kargil during the 71 war hosted on The Liberation Times (a commemorative online newspaper) 5. ^The Lightning Concept by Major General D.K. Palit (Retd.) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502104702/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1971War/Palit.html |date=2006-05-02 }} 6. ^The Armed Forces of Pakistan By Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Pg 4 7. ^Pak considers Kargil-Skardu bus 15 March 2007 NDTV 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf|title=Kargil district census data 2011|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=20 February 2019|dead-url=|access-date=20 February 2019}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |title=Census of India: District Profile |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^{{citation|last=Rather |first=Ali Mohammad |title=Kargil: The Post-War Scenario |journal=Journal of Peace Studies |publisher=International Center for Peace Studies |volume=6 |number=5-6 |date=September 1999 |url=http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20141201063036/http://www.icpsnet.org/description.php?ID=138 |archive-date= 1 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 11. ^Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition, pp. 210-211. Oxford University Press, Delhi. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}. 12. ^Anjuman Jamiatul Ulama Houzai Elmiya Madrasa Asna Asharia Islamia School Kargil 13. ^IKMT Kargil 14. ^Climate: Kargil - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table 15. ^ "Climatological Information for Kargil, Ladakh", Hong Kong Observatory, 2003. Web: HKO-Marrakech. 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://kafila.org/2012/01/28/india-pakistan-and-the-snow-leopard-javed-naqi/ |title=India, Pakistan and the Snow Leopard: Javed Naqi |publisher=Kafila |date=2012-01-28 |accessdate=2013-08-16}} 17. ^{{cite web|author=Voices from Frozen Land |url=http://javed-naqi.blogspot.in/2012/01/human-wildlife-conflict-in-kargil.html |title=Javed Naqi: Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kargil: Precipitation of India-Pakistan Rivalry? |publisher=Javed-naqi.blogspot.in |date=2012-01-24 |accessdate=2013-08-16}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://bargad.org/2012/02/01/wildlife-kargil-india-pakistan-rivalry/ |title=Human-Wildlife Conflict in Kargil: Precipitation of India-Pakistan Rivalry? | Bargad... बरगद |publisher=Bargad.org |date=2012-02-01 |accessdate=2013-08-16}} 19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bt6WTrErH0C&pg=PA7296&lpg=PA7296&dq=hoppoe+in+Ladakh&source=bl&ots=722P_hazzZ&sig=XrmCOPxVuQ1G4eQ1G3QkGCkuVBg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v12GUZryEIrSrQe1n4CABQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=hoppoe%20in%20Ladakh&f=false |title=The Indian Encyclopaedia - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16}} 20. ^{{cite web|author=Alok Bhave |url=http://alokbhave.blogspot.in/2011/10/trip-to-cold-desert-ladakh-part2.html |title=Nature watch: Trip to Cold Desert - Ladakh Part2 |publisher=Alokbhave.blogspot.in |date=2011-10-06 |accessdate=2013-08-16}} 21. ^Introduction, Ladakh Affairs Department, Jammu and Kashmir, retrieved 24 November 2016. 22. ^Statement showing the number of blocks in respect of 22 Districts of Jammu and Kashmir State including newly Created Districts {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910092544/http://jkrd.nic.in/listAllDistricts.pdf |date=2008-09-10 }} dated 13 March 2008, accessed 2008-08-30 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/ERos_AERos.html |title=ERO's and AERO's |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2008-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022185235/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/eros_aeros.html |archivedate=2008-10-22 |df= }} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://kargil.nic.in/others/dcprofile-pg.htm |title=Profile of Deputy Ccommissioners |publisher=Kargil.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2013-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727122757/http://kargil.nic.in/others/dcprofile-pg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 25. ^{{Cite web |url=http://kargil.nic.in/election/Council/council_election_2013.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917155349/http://kargil.nic.in/election/Council/council_election_2013.htm |archive-date=17 September 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://kargil.nic.in/election/Council/council_election_2013.htm |title=3rd General LAHDCK Election - 2013 |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917155349/http://kargil.nic.in/election/Council/council_election_2013.htm |archive-date=17 September 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 27. ^Uncertainty looms over Kargil council CEC election - Hindustan Times Bibliography
External links{{commons}}
| Centre = Kargil district | North = Gilgit-Baltistan | Northeast = | East = Leh district | Southeast = | South = Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh | Southwest = Kishtwar district | West = | Northwest = Bandipore district Ganderbal district Anantnag district }}{{Ladakh |state=autocollapse}}{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}} 7 : Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|Kargil district|Ladakh|Autonomous regions of India|1979 establishments in India|States and territories established in 1995|Districts of India |
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