| 词条 | Karimata Strait |
| 释义 |
| name = Karimata Strait | native_name = {{lang-id|Selat Karimata}} | native_name_lang = Indonesian | image = Straat Karimata.JPG | caption = Karimata Strait | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | depth = | max-depth = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = {{IDN}} | length = | width = | min_width = | islands = | etymology = | location = | pushpin_map = Indonesia Sumatra | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{Coord|2|05|S|108|40|E|type:waterbody_region:ID|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | part_of = | alt = | type = strait | cities = | area = | oceans = | website = | reference = [https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3709454&fid=2454&c=indonesia Selat Karimata: Indonesia] National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA }} The Karimata Strait ({{lang-id|Selat Karimata}}) also spelled Carimata{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=224}} or Caramata{{sfn|Boulger|1897|p=102}} is the wide strait that connects the South China Sea to the Java Sea, separating the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan). It is bordered by the Belitung island (off Sumatra's eastern coast) in the west and Borneo in the east. It is the widest strait that connects the South China Sea and the Java Sea (other straits include the Bangka and Gaspar Straits), but its numerous islands and reefs reduce its navigability. Its weather and current is influenced by the annual southeast and northwest monsoon. It was used as an invasion route by the British fleet in the 1811 Invasion of Java in the Dutch East Indies. More recently, it was the site of the crash of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501, and the location of the 2016 edition of Sail Indonesia (dubbed "Sail Karimata Strait"). GeographyThe strait is about {{convert|125|mi|nmi km}} wide from the east coast of Belitung (also known as Billiton) to the west coast of Borneo (Kalimantan).{{sfn|Merriam-Webster|1997|p=573}} The much narrower Gaspar Strait separates Belitung from Bangka Island to the west.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=179}} Bangka lies close to the east coast of Sumatra, separated from it by the Bangka Strait.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=139}} To the east of Belitung lie reefs and a group of islets known as the Montaran Islands, extending up to {{convert|40|nmi|mi km}} from Belitung's northeastern coast.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|pp=224, 236}} The Karimata Islands lie in the eastern part of the Karimata strait, northeast of Belitung, southwest of Maja Island and off-shore from the west coast of Borneo.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=224}} The presence of these islands and reefs reduce the width of the main navigable channel to about {{convert|45|nmi|mi km}}.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=224}} Outside this main fairway, there are multiple navigable channels to the east of Karimata Islands or between the islands.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|pp=224–5}} The rivers of Kapuas, Kendawangan, Pawan, and Sambas in Borneo, as well as Barumun and Musi in Sumatra flow to the strait.{{sfn|Milliman|Farnsworth|2013|pp=321–322}} ClimateThe southeast monsoon prevails in the strait from about the end of May, which comes with strong southeast or south-southeast wind, a dry weather, and mist that can obscure visibility. The northwest monsoon comes from the beginning of October, characterized by thunderstorms, rain and squalls alternating with calm days with fair weather. The biggest rainfall occur from November to February. From February, the weather becomes unpredictable because of the changing monsoon, before settling again around the end of May.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=26}} Currents and water transportThe current strength of the strait vary depending on the monsoon wind. At the peak of either monsoon, the current can run up to 3 miles per hour. When the monsoon is light, "there is little or no current" and the direction may be subject to the tidal stream.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=225}} The strait's currents run between the South China Sea to its north and the Java Sea to its south.{{sfn|Indo-Pacific Climate|p=158}} Since it is relatively shallow, with the depth of {{convert|50|m|feet}} or less, the volume transported by the current is relatively small.{{sfn|Indo-Pacific Climate|p=161}} A 2007–2008 study by a group of Indonesian and Chinese researchers found that the transport volume averaged 0.5 m3/second (or 0.5 Sv) with a net southward direction (i.e. to the Java Sea).{{sfn|R. Dwi Susanto|Wei Zexun|Adi Rameyo T.|Fan Bin|2013|p=1}} During the northern hemisphere winter, roughly during the northwest monsoon, water flowed southward averaging 2.7 Sv.{{sfn|R. Dwi Susanto|Wei Zexun|Adi Rameyo T.|Fan Bin|2013|p=1}} The flow was reversed during the northern hemisphere summer, roughly during the southwest monsoon, with an average transport of 1.2 Sv.{{sfn|R. Dwi Susanto|Wei Zexun|Adi Rameyo T.|Fan Bin|2013|p=1}} HistoryIt was known to British sailors in the 18th and 19th centuries as the Caramata Passage. The strait was used as a route by the British fleet for its Invasion of Java (1811), sailing from the British base in Malacca to the island of Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies.{{sfn|Boulger|1897|p=102}} Initially, the British were unsure of the strait's practicability, and hesitated between taking it or a northeast passage around the north of Borneo and through Makassar Strait.{{sfn|Raffles|2013|pp=39,41}} A report by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then a British officer in Malacca, recommended taking the Karimata route, which he considered "less dangerous than tedious" than the northeast passage during that time of year.{{sfn|Raffles|2013|p=39}} Raffles estimated that this journey would take the British fleet between a month and six weeks for "the fleet sailing in divisions".{{sfn|Raffles|2013|p=39}} The British Governor-General of India The Lord Minto decided to take Raffles's suggestion over the objection of some naval officers.{{sfn|Boulger|1897|pp=102–103}} The fleet, numbering about 100 vessels and transporting about 11,000 troops, departed Malacca between 11 and 18 June 1811,{{sfn|Boulger|1897|p=125}} and reached the coast of Java on 30 July after a smooth journey, exactly six weeks after Minto and Raffles' departure.{{sfn|Boulger|1897|p=103}} A 1915 publication by the United States Hydrographic Office commented that despite being much wider, the strait did not have as much traffic as the parallel Bangka or Gaspar Straits. The publication said that the advantage of its breadth was often outweighed by the danger posed by shoals in the strait, as well as its more irregular currents.{{sfn|Asiatic Pilot|p=224}} Recent eventsOn 28 December 2014 Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 crashed into the strait after losing contact over the Java Sea when en route from Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia to Singapore. The crash also killed everyone onboard. [1] The 2016 installment of the sailing event Sail Indonesia was held in the strait was dubbed the "Sail Karimata Strait 2016". Four provinces of Indonesia located on either side of the strait—West Kalimantan, Jambi, Bangka Belitung and Riau Islands hosted the event, culminating in the peak event on 15 October on Datuk Island, North Kayong Regency, West Kalimantan.[2][3] ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite web | url=http://avherald.com/h?article=47f6abc7&opt=0 |title=Crash: Indonesia Asia A320 over Java Sea on Dec 28th 2014, aircraft went missing believed to have impacted waters | first =Simon | last = Hradecky |date=30 December 2014 | work=The Aviation Herald | accessdate=30 December 2014}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/10/15/jokowi-opens-sail-karimata-strait-2016-in-west-kalimantan.html|title=Jokowi opens Sail Karimata Strait 2016 in West Kalimantan|work=The Jakarta Post|date=15 October 2016}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/104936/sail-karimata-strait-2016-to-involve-four-provinces|title=Sail Karimata Strait 2016 to involve four provinces|date=30 May 2016|work=Antara}} Bibliography
5 : Straits of Indonesia|Java Sea|Straits of the South China Sea|Landforms of Sumatra|Landforms of Kalimantan |
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