| 词条 | Karl Barth |
| 释义 |
| name = Karl Barth | image = Karl Barth Briefmarke.jpg | birth_date = {{birth date |1886|05|10}} | birth_place = Basel, Switzerland | death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age |1968|12|10|1886|05|10}}}} | death_place = Basel, Switzerland | titles = Theologian, Professor | notableworks = The Epistle to the Romans Barmen Declaration Church Dogmatics | tradition_movement = Swiss Reformed | spouse = {{marriage|Nelly Hoffmann|1913}} | children = Franziska, Markus, Christoph, Matthias and Hans Jakob | nationality = Swiss }}Karl Barth ({{IPAc-en|b|ɑːr|t|,_|b|ɑːr|θ|}};[1] {{IPA-de|baɐ̯t|lang}}; {{birth date|1886|05|10}} – {{death date |1968|12|10}}) was a Swiss Reformed theologian who is most well known for his landmark The Epistle to the Romans, involvement in the Confessing Church, authorship of the Barmen Declaration[2][3], and especially his thirteen volume Church Dogmatics (1932-1967)[4][5]. Barth's influence expanded well beyond the academic realm to mainstream culture, leading him to be featured on the cover of Time on April 20, 1962[6] and Pope Pius XII said Barth was “the greatest theologian since Thomas Aquinas.”[7][8] [9][10] Karl Barth's theological career began while he was known as the "Red Pastor from Safenwil"[11] when he wrote his first edition of his The Epistle to the Romans (1919). Beginning with his second edition of The Epistle to the Romans (1921), Karl Barth began to depart from his former training – and began to garner substantial worldwide acclaim – with a liberal theology he inherited from Adolf von Harnack, Friedrich Schleiermacher and others.[12]. Barth influenced many significant theologians such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer who supported the Confessing Church, and Jürgen Moltmann, Helmut Gollwitzer, James H. Cone, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Rudolf Bultmann, Thomas F. Torrance, Hans Küng, and also Reinhold Niebuhr, Jacques Ellul, Stanley Hauerwas, and novelists such as John Updike and Miklós Szentkuthy. Early life and educationKarl Barth was born on May 10, 1886, in Basel, Switzerland, to Johann Friedrich "Fritz" Barth (1852–1912) and Anna Katharina (Sartorius) Barth (1863–1938)[13]. Karl had two younger brothers Peter Barth (1888–1940) and Heinrich Barth (1890–1965), and two sisters Katharina and Gertrude. Fritz Barth was a theology professor and pastor and desired for Karl to follow his positive line of Christianity, which clashed with Karl's desire to receive a liberal protestant eduction. Karl began his student career at the university of Bern, and then transferred to the University of Berlin to study under Adolf von Harnack, and then transferred briefly to the University of Tübingen before finally in Marburg to study under Wilhelm Herrmann (1846-1922).[14] From 1911 to 1921 he served as a Reformed pastor in the village of Safenwil in the canton of Aargau. In 1913 he married Nelly Hoffmann, a talented violinist. They had a daughter and four sons, one of whom was the New Testament scholar Markus Barth (October 6, 1915 – July 1, 1994). Later he was professor of theology in Göttingen (1921–1925), Münster (1925–1930) and Bonn (1930–1935), in Germany. While serving at Göttingen he met Charlotte von Kirschbaum, who became his long-time secretary and assistant; she played a large role in the writing of his epic, the Church Dogmatics.[15] He was deported from Germany in 1935 after he refused to sign (without modification) the Oath of Loyalty to Adolf Hitler and went back to Switzerland and became a professor in Basel (1935–1962). Break from LiberalismIn August 1914, Karl Barth was dismayed to learn that his venerated teachers including Adolf von Harnack had signed the "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three German Intellectuals to the Civilized World"[16], as a result Barth concluded he may not follow their understanding of the Bible and history any longer.[17] The Epistle to the Romans{{Main|The Epistle to the Romans (Barth)}}Barth first began his commentary The Epistle to the Romans (Ger. Der Römerbrief) in the summer of 1916 while he was still a pastor in Safenwil, with the first edition appearing in December 1918 (but with a publication date of 1919).[18] On the strength of the first edition of the commentary, Barth was invited to teach at the University of Göttingen. Barth decided around October 1920 that he was dissatisfied with the first edition and heavily revised it the following eleven months, finishing the second edition around September 1921.[19][20] Particularly in the thoroughly re-written second edition of 1922, Barth argued that the God who is revealed in the cross of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures, achievements, or possessions. The book's popularity led to its republication and reprinting in several languages. Barmen Declaration{{Main article|Barmen Declaration}}In 1934, as the Protestant Church attempted to come to terms with the Third Reich, Barth was largely responsible for the writing of the Barmen declaration (Ger. Barmer Erklärung).[21] This declaration rejected the influence of Nazism on German Christianity by arguing that the Church's allegiance to the God of Jesus Christ should give it the impetus and resources to resist the influence of other lords, such as the German Führer, Adolf Hitler.[22] Barth mailed this declaration to Hitler personally. This was one of the founding documents of the Confessing Church and Barth was elected a member of its leadership council, the Bruderrat. He was forced to resign from his professorship at the University of Bonn in 1935 for refusing to swear an oath to Hitler. Barth then returned to his native Switzerland, where he assumed a chair in systematic theology at the University of Basel. In the course of his appointment he was required to answer a routine question asked of all Swiss civil servants: whether he supported the national defense. His answer was, "Yes, especially on the northern border!"{{cn|date=May 2018}} The newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung carried his 1936 criticism of Martin Heidegger for his support of the Nazis.[23] In 1938 he wrote a letter to a Czech colleague Josef Hromádka in which he declared that soldiers who fought against the Third Reich were serving a Christian cause. Church Dogmatics{{Main article|Church Dogmatics}}Barth's theology found its most sustained and compelling expression in his thirteen-volume magnum opus, the Church Dogmatics (Ger. "Kirchliche Dogmatik"). Widely regarded as an important theological work, the Church Dogmatics represents the pinnacle of Barth's achievement as a theologian. Church Dogmatics runs to over six million words and 8,000 pages (in English; over 9,000 in German) – one of the longest works of systematic theology ever written.[24][25][26] The Church Dogmatics is in five volumes: the Doctrine of the Word of God, the Doctrine of God, the Doctrine of Creation, the Doctrine of Reconciliation and the Doctrine of Redemption. Barth's planned fifth volume was never written and the fourth volume was unfinished.[27][28] Later life and deathAfter the end of the Second World War, Barth became an important voice in support both of German penitence and of reconciliation with churches abroad. Together with Hans Iwand, he authored the Darmstadt Statement in 1947 – a more concrete statement of German guilt and responsibility for the Third Reich and Second World War than the 1945 Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt. In it, he made the point that the Church's willingness to side with anti-socialist and conservative forces had led to its susceptibility for National Socialist ideology. In the context of the developing Cold War, that controversial statement was rejected by anti-Communists in the West who supported the CDU course of re-militarization, as well as by East German dissidents who believed that it did not sufficiently depict the dangers of Communism. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950.[29] In the 1950s, Barth sympathized with the peace movement and opposed German rearmament. Barth wrote a 1960 article for The Christian Century regarding the "East-West question" in which he denied any inclination toward Eastern communism and stated he did not wish to live under Communism or wish anyone to be forced to do so; he acknowledged a fundamental disagreement with most of those around him, writing: "I do not comprehend how either politics or Christianity require [sic] or even permit such a disinclination to lead to the conclusions which the West has drawn with increasing sharpness in the past 15 years. I regard anticommunism as a matter of principle an evil even greater than communism itself."[30] In 1962, Barth visited the United States and lectured at Princeton Theological Seminary, the University of Chicago, the Union Theological Seminary and the San Francisco Theological Seminary. He was invited to be a guest at the Second Vatican Council. At the time Barth's health did not permit him to attend. However, he was able to visit the Vatican and be a guest of the pope in 1967, after which he wrote the small volume Ad Limina Apostolorum [At the Threshold of the Apostles].[31] Barth was featured on the cover of the April 20, 1962 issue of Time magazine, an indication that his influence had reached out of academic and ecclesiastical circles and into mainstream American religious culture.[32] Barth died on December 10, 1968, at his home in Basel, Switzerland. The evening before his death, he had encouraged his lifelong friend Eduard Thurneysen that he should not be downhearted, "For things are ruled, not just in Moscow or in Washington or in Peking, but things are ruled – even here on earth—entirely from above, from heaven above.”[33] TheologyTrinitarian focusOne major objective of Barth is to recover the doctrine of the Trinity in theology from its putative loss in liberalism.[34] His argument follows from the idea that God is the object of God's own self-knowledge, and revelation in the Bible means the self-unveiling to humanity of the God who cannot be discovered by humanity simply through its own intuition.[35] God's revelation comes to man 'vertically from above' (Senkrecht von Oben). ElectionOne of the most influential and controversial features of Barth's Dogmatics was his doctrine of election (Church Dogmatics II/2). Barth's theology entails a rejection of the idea that God chose each person to either be saved or damned based on purposes of the Divine will, and it was impossible to know why God chose some and not others.[36] Barth's doctrine of election involves a firm rejection of the notion of an eternal, hidden decree.[37] In keeping with his Christo-centric methodology, Barth argues that to ascribe the salvation or damnation of humanity to an abstract absolute decree is to make some part of God more final and definitive than God's saving act in Jesus Christ. God's absolute decree, if one may speak of such a thing, is God's gracious decision to be for humanity in the person of Jesus Christ. Drawing from the earlier Reformed tradition, Barth retains the notion of double predestination but makes Jesus himself the object of both divine election and reprobation simultaneously; Jesus embodies both God's election of humanity and God's rejection of human sin.[38] While some regard this revision of the doctrine of election as an improvement[39] on the Augustinian-Calvinist doctrine of the predestination of individuals, critics, namely Brunner,[40] have charged that Barth's view amounts to a soft universalism, thereby departing from Augustinian-Calvinism. Barth’s doctrine of objective atonement develops as he distances himself from Anselm of Canterbury’s doctrine of the atonement.[41] In The Epistle to the Romans, Barth endorses Anselm’s idea that God who is robbed of his honor must punish those who robbed him. In Church Dogmatics I/2, Barth advocates divine freedom in the incarnation with the support of Anselm’s Cur Deus Homo. Barth holds that Anselm’s doctrine of the atonement preserves both God’s freedom and the necessity of Christ’s incarnation. The positive endorsement of Anselmian motives in Cur Deus Homo continues in Church Dogmatics II/1. Barth maintains with Anselm that the sin of humanity cannot be removed by the merciful act of divine forgiveness alone. In Church Dogmatics IV/1, however, Barth’s doctrine of the atonement diverges from that of Anselm.[42] By over-christologizing the doctrine, Barth completes his formulation of objective atonement. He finalizes the necessity of God’s mercy at the place where Anselm firmly establishes the dignity and freedom of the will of God.[43] In Barth’s view, God’s mercy is identified with God’s righteousness in a distinctive way where God’s mercy always takes the initiative. The change in Barth’s reception of Anselm’s doctrine of the atonement is, therefore, alleged to show that Barth’s doctrine entails support for universalism.[44][45] SalvationBarth argued that previous perspectives on sin and salvation, influenced by strict Calvinist thinking, sometimes misled Christians into thinking that predestination set up humanity such that the vast majority of human beings were foreseen to disobey and reject God, with damnation coming to them as a matter of fate. Barth's view of salvation is centrally Christological, with his writings stating that in Jesus Christ the reconciliation of all of mankind to God has essentially already taken place and that through Christ man is already elect and justified. Though not an advocate of Christian universalism, strictly speaking, Barth asserted that eternal salvation for everyone, even those that reject God, is a possibility that is not just an open question but should be hoped for by Christians as a matter of grace; specifically, he wrote, "Even though theological consistency might seem to lead our thoughts and utterances most clearly in this direction, we must not arrogate to ourselves that which can be given and received only as a free gift", just hoping for total reconciliation.[46] Barth, in the words of a later scholar, went a "significant step beyond traditional theology" in that he argued against more conservative strains of Protestant Christianity in which damnation is seen as an absolute certainty for many or most people. To Barth, Christ's grace is central.[46] Understanding of Mary{{Main article|Karl Barth's views on Mary}}Unlike many Protestant theologians, Barth wrote on the topic of Mariology (the theological study of Mary). Barth's views on the subject agreed with much Roman Catholic dogma but he disagreed with the Catholic veneration of Mary. Aware of the common dogmatic tradition of the early Church, Barth fully accepted the dogma of Mary as the Mother of God, seeing a rejection of that title equivalent to rejecting the doctrine that Christ's human and divine natures are inseparable (contra the Nestorian heresy). Through Mary, Jesus belongs to the human race. Through Jesus, Mary is Mother of God.[47] Influence on Christian ethicsAmong many other areas, Barth has also had a profound influence on modern Christian ethics.[48][49][50][51] He has influenced the work of ethicists such as Stanley Hauerwas, John Howard Yoder, Jacques Ellul and Oliver O'Donovan.[48][52][53] Relationship with Charlotte von KirschbaumCharlotte von Kirschbaum was Barth's theological assistant for more than three decades.[54] When Barth first met her in 1924 he had already been married for 12 years and, in 1929, she moved into a separate room in the Barth family household, which included his wife Nelly and five children, so that Charlotte and Karl may devote more time to working on the Church Dogmatics and other theological works.[54] George Hunsinger summarizes the influence of von Kirschbaum on Barth's work: "As his unique student, critic, researcher, adviser, collaborator, companion, assistant, spokesperson, and confidante, Charlotte von Kirschbaum was indispensable to him. He could not have been what he was, or have done what he did, without her."[55]Charlotte von Kirschbaum was affectionately known as Aunt Lollo by the Barth children, and Nelly Barth continued to visit Charlotte after the death of Karl. However, the long-standing work relationship was not without its difficulties.[56] It caused offense among some of Barth's friends, as well as his mother.[57] Karl Barth lauds von Kirschbaum for her assistance in the preface of Church Dogmatics: Volume 3 – The Doctrine of Creation Part 3.[58] An article written in 2017 by Christiane Tietz (originally a paper she delivered at the 2016 American Academy of Religion in San Antonio, Texas) for the academic journal Theology Today engages letters released in both 2000 and 2008 written by Barth, Charlotte von Kirschbaum, and Nelly Barth, which discuss the complicated relationship between all three individuals that occurred over the span of 40 years.[59] The letters published in 2008 between von Kirschbaum and Barth from 1925-1935 made public "the deep, intense, and overwhelming love between these two human beings." [60] In literatureIn John Updike's Roger's Version, Roger Lambert is a professor of religion. Lambert is influenced by the works of Karl Barth. That is the primary reason that he rejects his student's attempt to use computational methods to understand God. Harry Mulisch's The Discovery of Heaven makes mentions of Barth's Church Dogmatics, as does David Markson's The Last Novel. In the case of Mulisch and Markson, it is the ambitious nature of the Church Dogmatics that seems to be of significance. In the case of Updike, it is the emphasis on the idea of God as "Wholly Other" that is emphasized. In Marilynne Robinson's Gilead, the preacher John Ames reveres Barth's "Epistle to the Romans" and refers to it as his favorite book other than the Bible. Whittaker Chambers cites Barth in nearly all his books: Witness (p. 507), Cold Friday (p. 194), and Odyssey of a Friend (pp. 201, 231). In Flannery O'Connor's letter to Brainard Cheney, she said "I distrust folks who have ugly things to say about Karl Barth. I like old Barth. He throws the furniture around." Center for Barth StudiesPrinceton Theological Seminary, where Barth lectured in 1962, houses the Center for Barth Studies, which is dedicated to supporting scholarship related to the life and theology of Karl Barth. The Barth Center was established in 1997 and sponsors seminars, conferences, and other events. It also holds the Karl Barth Research Collection, the largest in the world, which contains nearly all of Barth's works in English and German, several first editions of his works, and an original handwritten manuscript by Barth.[61][62]Writings
The Church Dogmatics in English translation
Audio
References1. ^"Barth". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/05/21/karl-barth-and-the-barmen-declaration-1934/ |title=Karl Barth and the Barmen Declaration (1934) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-04 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/theologians/barth.html?start=2|title=Karl Barth - Christian History|publisher=}} 4. ^Name (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology). People.bu.edu. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2016/04/21/karl-barths-church-dogmatics-original-publication-dates/ |title=Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics Original Publication Dates |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2016-04-21 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 6. ^{{Citation | url = http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19620420,00.html | title = Theologian Karl Barth | newspaper = Time | date = Apr 20, 1962 | accessdate = February 23, 2019}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/04/18/life-karl-barth-early-life-basel-geneva-part-1/ |title=The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886-1913 (Part 1) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-18 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 8. ^{{citation|author=Timothy Gorringe|title=Karl Barth: Against Hegemony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SlbBJM6go0C&pg=PA316|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-875247-9|pages=316–}} 9. ^{{citation| first = Alister E | last = McGrath| title= Christian Theology: An Introduction |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bus5TyjTfxYC&pg=PA76 | date= January 14, 2011| publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-9770-3 |pages = 76–}} 10. ^{{citation | first1 = Stuart | last1 = Brown | first2 = Diane | last2 = Collinson| first3 =Robert | last3 = Wilkinson | title=Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52 | date = September 10, 2012| publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-06043-1 | pages = 52–}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2017/10/03/romans-commentary-red-pastor-safenwil-karl-barths-epistle-romans/ |title=The Romans commentary by the Red Pastor of Safenwil: Karl Barth’s Epistle to the Romans |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2017-10-03 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/04/18/life-karl-barth-early-life-basel-geneva-part-1/ |title=The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886-1913 (Part 1) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-18 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/04/18/life-karl-barth-early-life-basel-geneva-part-1/ |title=The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886-1913 (Part 1) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-18 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/04/18/life-karl-barth-early-life-basel-geneva-part-1/ |title=The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886-1913 (Part 1) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-18 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 15. ^Church Dogmatics, ed. T. F. Torrance and G. W. Bromiley (1932–67; ET Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956–75). 16. ^Manifesto of the Ninety-Three German Intellectuals, 1914. 17. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/04/21/life-karl-barth-red-pastor-safenwil-part-2/ |title=The Life of Karl Barth: The Red Pastor of Safenwil 1909-1921 (Part 2) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-21 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2017/10/03/romans-commentary-red-pastor-safenwil-karl-barths-epistle-romans/ |title=The Romans commentary by the Red Pastor of Safenwil: Karl Barth’s Epistle to the Romans |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2017-10-03 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2017/10/03/romans-commentary-red-pastor-safenwil-karl-barths-epistle-romans/ |title=The Romans commentary by the Red Pastor of Safenwil: Karl Barth’s Epistle to the Romans |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2017-10-03 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 20. ^Kenneth Oakes, Reading Karl Barth: A Companion to Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans, Eugene: Cascade, 2011, p. 27. 21. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2018/05/21/karl-barth-and-the-barmen-declaration-1934/ |title=Karl Barth and the Barmen Declaration (1934) |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2018-04-04 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Allen|title=Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics: An Introduction and Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cM5wdswTKWcC&pg=PA5|date=18 December 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-567-48994-4|pages=5–}} 23. ^Ian Ward (1992) Law, philosophy, and National Socialism. Bern: Peter Lang. p 117. {{ISBN|3-261-04536-1}}. 24. ^The T & T Clark Blog: Church Dogmatics. Tandtclark.typepad.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. 25. ^Myers, Ben. (November 27, 2005) Faith and Theology: Church Dogmatics in a week. Faith-theology.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. 26. ^{{cite web|doi=10.1177/004057367303000205 |title=Archived copy |year=1973 |last1=Grau |first1=H. G. |journal=Theology Today |volume=30 |issue=2 |page=138 |url=http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1973/v30-2-article4.htm |accessdate=2012-05-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821230358/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1973/v30-2-article4.htm |archivedate=August 21, 2006 |df=mdy }} 27. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2017/06/23/karl-barths-church-dogmatics-ended-single-stroke/ |title=Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics Ended At A Single Stroke |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2017-06-23 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 28. ^Green, Garrett. "Introduction" to On Religion by Karl Barth, Trans. Garrett Green. (London: T&T Clark, 2006) p. 3 29. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=2012-11-17}} 30. ^Barth, Karl. "No Angels of Darkness and Light", The Christian Century, January 20, 1960, pp. 72 ff. 31. ^{{cite book|author=Eberhard Jüngel|title=Karl Barth, a Theological Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjAsAQAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Westminster Press|isbn=978-0-664-24031-8|page=26}} 32. ^TIME Magazine Cover: Karl Barth – April 20, 1962 – Religion – Christianity. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. 33. ^{{Cite web|url=http://barth.ptsem.edu/karl-barth/biography|title=Biography {{!}} Center for Barth Studies|website=barth.ptsem.edu|access-date=2016-04-23}} 34. ^Braatan, 80-81 35. ^Gorringe, 135-36. 36. ^Mangina, 76. 37. ^Chung, 385-86. 38. ^Webster (2000), 93-95. 39. ^{{cite book|author=Douglas Atchison Campbell|title=The Quest For Paul's Gospel: A Suggested Strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7i53QgAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=T & T Clark International|isbn=978-0-567-08332-6|page=42}} 40. ^Brunner, Emil, The Christian Doctrine of God: Dogmatics: Volume 1, (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1950) 41. ^{{cite book|last1=Mikkelsen|first1=Hans Vium|title=Reconciled Humanity: Karl Barth in Dialogue|date=2010|publisher=Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=0802863639|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASY7VESBi3wC&pg=PA5&dq=karl+barth+anselm+atonement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCGoVChMIqcik9ZzPyAIVDOtjCh3WJwo2#v=onepage&q=karl%20barth%20anselm%20atonement&f=false|accessdate=19 October 2015}} 42. ^{{cite book|last1=Bloesch|first1=Donald G.|title=Jesus is Victor!: Karl Barth's Doctrine of Salvation|date=2001|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, OR|isbn=0687202256|pages=43–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqlKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=karl+barth+anselm+atonement+diverge&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAmoVChMIhby1o5_PyAIVRsxjCh12pwDA#v=onepage&q=karl%20barth%20anselm%20atonement%20diverge&f=false|accessdate=19 October 2015}} 43. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hasel|first1=Frank M.|title=Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics on the Atonement: Some Translational Problems|journal=Andrews University Seminary Studies|date=Autumn 1991|volume=29|issue=3|pages=205–211|url=http://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1991-3/1991-3-02.pdf|accessdate=19 October 2015}} 44. ^Brunner, Emil, The Christian Doctrine of God: Dogmatics: Volume 1, (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1950) 45. ^{{cite journal | last=Woo | first=B. Hoon | title= Karl Barth’s Doctrine of the Atonement and Universalism | journal= Korea Reformed Journal | year=2014 | volume=32 | url=https://www.academia.edu/10186965/B._Hoon_Woo_Karl_Barth_s_Doctrine_of_the_Atonement_and_Universalism_Korea_Reformed_Journal_32_2014_243_91 | pages=243–291}} 46. ^1 Richard Bauckham, "Universalism: a historical survey", Themelios 4.2 (September 1978): 47–54. 47. ^{{cite book|last1=Louth|first1=Andrew|title=Mary and the Mystery of the Incarnation: An Essay on the Mother of God in the Theology of Karl Barth|date=1977|publisher=Fairacres|location=Oxford|isbn=0728300737|pages=1–24}} 48. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Man Encountered by the Command of God: the Ethics of Karl Barth |year=1987 |last1=Parsons |first1=Michael |journal=Vox Evangelica |volume=17 |pages=48–65 |url=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/vox/vol17/barth_parsons.pdf |accessdate=2012-11-17}} 49. ^{{cite book|author=Daniel L. Migliore |title=Commanding Grace: Studies in Karl Barth's Ethics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQAfTdla3H0C |date=August 15, 2010 |publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-8028-6570-0}} 50. ^Matthew J. Aragon-Bruce. Ethics in Crisis: Interpreting Barth's Ethics (book review) Princeton Seminary Library. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609161357/http://libweb.ptsem.edu/collections/barth/reviews/EthicsinCrisis.aspx?menu=296&subText=468&disclaimer=668 |date=June 9, 2010 }} 51. ^Oxford University Press: The Hastening that Waits: Nigel Biggar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120121425/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/PhilosophyofReligion/?view=usa&ci=9780198263906 |date=November 20, 2012 }}. Oup.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. 52. ^Journal – The Influence of Karl Barth on Christian Ethics. www.kevintaylor.me (April 7, 2011). Retrieved on 2012-07-15. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023013517/http://www.kevintaylor.me/journal/2011/4/7/the-influence-of-karl-barth-on-christian-ethics.html |date=October 23, 2011 }} 53. ^Choi Lim Ming, Andrew (2003). A Study on Jacques Ellul's Dialectical Approach to the Modern and Spiritual World. wordpress.com 54. ^1 {{cite book|author=Suzanne Selinger|title=Charlotte Von Kirschbaum and Karl Barth: A Study in Biography and the History of Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIzEAaWbqT8C&pg=PA1|year=1998|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-01864-5|pages=1–}} 55. ^George Hunsinger's review of S. Seliger, Charlotte von Kirschbaum and Karl Barth: A Study in Biography and the History of Theology. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234028/http://libweb.ptsem.edu/collections/barth/reviews/CharlotteKirschbaum.aspx?menu=296&subText=468 |date=September 27, 2007 }} 56. ^{{cite book|author=Eberhard Busch|title=Karl Barths Lebenslauf: Nach seinen Briefen und autobiografischen Texten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Af5hPQAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Theologischer Verlag Zürich|isbn=978-3-290-17304-3|pages=177 ff}} 57. ^{{cite book|author1=Eberhard Busch|author2=John Bowden, John|title=Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOxIPgAACAAJ|date=June 21, 2005|publisher=Wipf & Stock|isbn=978-1-59752-169-7|pages=185–186}} 58. ^{{cite book|author=Karl Barth|title=Church Dogmatics The Doctrine of Creation, Volume 3, Part 3: The Creator and His Creature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYsi-e8vLTcC&pg=PR12|date=May 8, 2004|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-567-05099-1|pages=12–}} 59. ^{{cite web |url=https://postbarthian.com/2017/10/09/bright-bleak-constellation-karl-barth-nelly-barth-charlotte-von-kirschbaum/ |title=A Bright and Bleak Constellation: Karl Barth, Nelly Barth and Charlotte von Kirschbaum |last=Houtz |first=Wyatt |work=The PostBarthian |date=2017-10-09 |accessdate=2019-02-23 }} 60. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tietz|first=Christiane|date=2017-07-01|title=Karl Barth and Charlotte von Kirschbaum|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0040573617702547|journal=Theology Today|language=en|volume=74|issue=2|pages=86–111|doi=10.1177/0040573617702547|issn=0040-5736}} 61. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ptsem.edu/library/barth/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103125745/http://www.ptsem.edu/library/barth/ |archivedate=January 3, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}. Princeton Seminary Library. Retrieved on 2012-07-15. 62. ^Center for Barth Studies website - http://barth.ptsem.edu Sources
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