| 词条 | Karl Friedrich Bahrdt |
| 释义 |
LifeBahrdt was born on August 25, 1741, at Bischofswerda, Upper Lusatia,{{sfnp|BBKD|1990}} where his father was pastor of the local church.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The elder Bahrdt was later a professor,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} canon, and general superintendent at Leipzig.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} He received his early education at the celebrated school of Pforta,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} but some commenters have found his training to have been grossly neglected.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} At sixteen,{{sfnp|EB|1911}} he enrolled in the University of Leipzig, where he studied under the mystic Christian August Crusius,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} who was then head of the theological faculty.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} The boy varied the monotony of his studies by pranks which revealed his unbalanced character, including an attempt to raise spirits with the aid of Dr Faust's {{Interlanguage link multi|Höllenzwang|de}}.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} After graduation, he lectured on biblical exegesis for a time as an adjunct to his father{{sfnp|EB|1878}} before becoming a catechist ({{lang|de|Katechet}}) at the church of {{nowrap|St Peter}}.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} He proved an eloquent{{sfnp|EB|1911}} and popular preacher{{sfnp|EB|1911}} and returned to the university as a visiting professor ({{lang|la|professor extraordinarius}}) of biblical philology.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} He published a popular book of devotions, The Christian in Solitude, but was required to resign his positions and leave the Leipzig in 1768 on account of his irregular conduct.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Christian Adolph Klotz was then able to secure him the chair in biblical antiquities at the University of Erfurt.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} As the post was unpaid and Bahrdt was now married, he made his actual living as an inn-keeper and from private tutoring.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Once he completed his doctorate of theology at Erlangen, he was able to persuade the faculty at Erfurt to appoint him professor designate of theology and began reading lectures.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} His orthodoxy had by this time completely vanished: Bahrdt was now an extreme rationalist and determined to popularize the position.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} He was not dismissed on this account, however, but left Erfurt in 1771 on account of his debts{{sfnp|EB|1911}} and the personal and professional quarrels he had become embroiled in with his colleagues.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} He left for a post as professor of theology and preacher at the University of Giessen.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} His personal behavior was no less or more objectionable than elsewhere, but his publication of God's Recent Revelations in Letters and Stories ({{lang|de|Neueste Offenbarungen Gottes in Briefen und Erzählungen}}) between 1773 and 1775 made plain his departure from official doctrine.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} The work—a "model version" of the New Testament in modern German—occasioned a memorably scornful attack on its poor taste by Goethe{{sfnp|EB|1911}} and prompted Bahrdt to again resign his position and relocate.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} He then served as the director of the educational institution ({{lang|de|philanthropin}}) established by Carl Ulisses von Salis-Marschlins at his château at Marschlins.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} It had languished since {{Interlanguage link multi|Martin Planta|de}}'s death in 1772, but Bahrdt disliked the strict discipline maintained by Von Salis, resigned in 1777, and prompted the closing of the school.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Bahrdt next served as general superintendent at Dürkheim-on-the-Hardt at the invitation of the count of Leiningen-Dagsburg.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} He also attempted to establish a new school at Heidesheim.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} His luckless translation of the Bible followed him, however, and a 1778 decision of the Court Council of the Empire prohibited him from holding any professorial office, lecturing in any capacity, or publishing any work on theology.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} He again fled from his creditors and was imprisoned for a short period in Dienheim.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} In 1779, he took refuge in Halle, now in dire poverty. There, he kept a tavern with a billiard table{{sfnp|EB|1911}} near the town gate.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} In spite of senate and theological opposition, he obtained permission from the Prussian minister Karl Abraham von Zedlitz to lecture on subjects other than theology.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} He would lecture in the morning on moral philosophy and then retire for the afternoon to his public house, which was largely patronized by students.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} He repudiated his wife and lived with his mistress and their daughters.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Compelled to write to earn additional income, he developed an astounding literary activity,{{sfnp|EB|1911}} although most of his works are now considered comparatively worthless or even a caricature of Enlightenment rationalism.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} He directed all his efforts at the development of a "moral system" intended to replace supernatural Christianity.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Having become a Freemason at some point, Bahrdt founded a secret society to that purpose in 1787 called the German Union of the Two and Twenty, from its original number of members.{{sfnp|Mackey|1912|p=92}}{{refn|group=n|The society was intended to "diffuse intellectual light", "annihilate superstition", and "perfect the human race". It was divided into six degrees: The Adolescent, The Man, The Old Man, The Mesopolite, The Diocesan, and The Superior. The latter three grades selected the rules of the society.{{sfnp|Mackey|1912|p=295}}}} To make time for more writing, he gave up his lectures, although he opened a new inn at Weinberg near Halle.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} In 1789, he was arrested partly on account of a pasquinade he had written concerning a religious edict passed by Prussia{{sfnp|EB|1878}} the year before, owing to the religious reaction that set in upon the death of Frederick the Great.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} The king reduced the term to one year, which Bahrdt devoted to writing his autobiography,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} "a mixture of lies, hypocrisy, and self-prostitution", along with indecent stories and coarse polemics.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} The German Union was dissolved upon his arrest{{sfnp|Mackey|1912|p=92 & 295}} and publicly exposed by Johann Joachim Christoph Bode's{{sfnp|EB|1911}} More Notes than Text ({{lang|de|Mehr Noten als Text}}).{{sfnp|Mackey|1912|p=295}} Most of its members went on to join the Illuminati.{{sfnp|Mackey|1912|p=295}} Bahrdt died of a severe illness{{sfnp|EB|1878}} at Nietleben near Halle on April 23, 1792.{{sfnp|BBKD|1990}} Works
Notes1. ^{{citation |first=Sten Gunnar |last=Flygt |title=The Notorious Dr. Bahrdt |location=Nashville |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |date=1963 }} {{Reflist|30em}}References{{commons category}}
15 : 1741 births|1792 deaths|People from Bischofswerda|People from the Electorate of Saxony|German Lutheran theologians|Illuminati members|German philologists|University of Erfurt faculty|University of Giessen faculty|University of Halle faculty|Leipzig University alumni|Leipzig University faculty|18th-century German Protestant theologians|German male non-fiction writers|18th-century male writers |
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