| 词条 | Karmanasa River |
| 释义 |
| name = Karmanasa River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = India | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Uttar Pradesh, Bihar | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|192|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = Sarodag, Kaimur district, Kaimur Range | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = Ganges | mouth_location = Chausa | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|30|54|N|83|52|30|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The Karmanasa River ({{lang-hi|कर्मनाशा नदी}}) is a tributary of the Ganges. It originates in Kaimur district of Bihar and flows through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Along the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar it has the districts of Sonbhadra, Chandauli, Varanasi and Ghazipur on its left (UP side); and the districts of Kaimur and Buxar on its right (Bihar side).[1][2][3][4] DisambiguationKarmanasa is also the name of a river in the Garhwal Himalayas.[5] EtymologyThe name of the river means "destroyer of religious merit". There are several legends about it.[6] According to one legend, the sage Vishvamitra through tapasya (penance, meditation and correct practices) acquired the power to create a whole new universe. When he set out to create a new universe it aroused consternation in Indra. However, he continued and after creating a copy of our universe, he started creating people, the first being Trishanku whom he decided to send up to rule his new universe. Indra stopped his progress. That is how Trishanku ended up suspended head down in mid-air. The Karmanasa was born out of the saliva dripping from his mouth.[7] CourseThe Karmanasa originates at a height of {{convert|350|m}} on the northern face of Kaimur Range near Sarodag in Kaimur district of Bihar.[1][8] It flows in a north-westerly direction through the plains of Mirzapur, then forms the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and finally joins the Ganges near Chausa. The length of the river is {{convert|192|km}}, out of which {{convert|116|km}} lies in Uttar Pradesh and the rest {{convert|76|km}} forms the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Total drainage area of the Karmnasa along with its tributaries is {{convert|11709| km²}}.[8] TributariesIts tributaries are the Durgavati, the Chandraprabha, the Karunuti, the Nadi and the Khajuri.[8] WaterfallsThe Karmanasa reaches the plains by a succession of leaps, including two falls known as the Devdari and the Chhanpathar, which, from their height and beauty, are deserving of special notice.[9] Chhanpathar Falls is {{convert|100|ft}} high.[10] Devdari Falls, at an edge of the Rohtas Plateau, along the course of the Karmanasa is {{convert|58|m}} high.[11] However, Chandauli district administration mentions Devdari Fall as being on the Chandraprabha River.[12] Dams and bridgesThere are two dams across the Karmanasa – the Latif Shah bund and the Nuagarh dam. There also is a dam across the Chandraprabha.[13] The Grand Trunk Road passes over a bridge on the Karmanasa.[14] ArchaeologyUP State Archaeology department after excavations has unearthed iron artifacts dated between 1200 – 1300 BC at Raja Nal Ka Tila site in Karmanasa river valley of north Sonebhadra. It throws new light on the history of iron-making in India.[15] HistoryThe Karmanasa was the eastern boundary of Awadh. It also possibly was the western boundary of the Sena dynasty.[16][17] At the Battle of Chausa, situated on the banks of the Karmanasa, on 26 June 1539, Sher Shah defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun and assumed the royal title of Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah.[18][19] References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://kaimur.bih.nic.in/RSVY/RSVY-Revised%20Final/RSVY_Kaimur.pdf |title=RASHTRIYA SAM VIKASH YOJANA - Revised District Plan |work=Rivers |publisher=District administration |accessdate=2010-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410054918/http://kaimur.bih.nic.in/RSVY/RSVY-Revised%20Final/RSVY_Kaimur.pdf |archivedate=10 April 2009 }} 2. ^{{cite web|url = http://chandauli.nic.in/ | title =Chandauli | work = |publisher = Chandauli district administration|accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 3. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&pg=PA473&lpg=PA473&dq=Karmanasa+River&source=bl&ots=Ar3gHNmWVW&sig=oOKUs-RCIUTFcYl5nwolg55T-8Y&hl=en&ei=lBziS5rEF4a8rAfuxfn9Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CB4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Karmanasa%20River&f=false| title =Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory: proceedings of the international .. By Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood | work = p. 473 |publisher = Google books | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 4. ^{{cite web|url = http://ghazipur.nic.in/ghazipurgeographic.htm | title =Ghazipur | work = |publisher = Ghazipur district administration|accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url = http://thdc.gov.in/writereaddata/english/pdf/VOL1.pdf | title = Environmental studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project | work = |publisher = | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 6. ^{{cite EB1911 | wstitle=Karamnasa | volume=15 |page=676}} 7. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.vidushaka.com/myself.html | title = One - Myself | work = |publisher = | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&pg=PA357&lpg=PA357&dq=Kiul+River&source=bl&ots=KTzg4SGA9T&sig=fNndb_lRwgwbIvCkttLgOYkZaz8&hl=en&ei=-fTgS_W1O9G0rAfVx5D4Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CBwQ6AEwBjgo#v=onepage&q=Kiul%20River&f=false | title = Hydrology and Water Resources of India By Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh | work = pp. 356-357 |publisher = Google books | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 9. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-9-tnu/page-54-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-9-tnu.shtml | title = The Imperial Gazetter of India (Volume 9), page 54 of 64 | work=Mirzapur 45.5 | first= William Wilson | last=Hunter |publisher =Electronic Library | accessdate = 2010-06-28 }} 10. ^{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=AYN0n0pzlpcC&pg=PA3887&lpg=PA3887&dq=Chhanpathar&source=bl&ots=Z9ov7na5pf&sig=iLpzE9Oh642FTaZ33H4FiANqIss&hl=en&ei=NgooTJHqJM-YrAeBjvH_BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Chhanpathar&f=false | title = The Indian Encyclopaedia: | work= | first= Subodh | last=Kapoor |publisher = Google books | accessdate = 2010-06-28 }} 11. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=Physical+Geography:+Hydrosphere+Devdari+Falls&source=bl&ots=9rd_6nnP9e&sig=rbXlMqIEfnG2YBSZgpY6avtBk0Q&hl=en&ei=6GjtS5WeB5C7rAfR5_iXBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | title =.Physical Geography: Hydrosphere | first = |last= K.Bharatdwaj | work= p. 154| publisher = Google books |accessdate = 2010-05-14 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url = http://chandauli.nic.in/tour.htm | title = Tourism | work= | first= | last= |publisher =Chandauli district administration | accessdate = 2010-06-28 }} 13. ^{{cite news|url =http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-03/varanasi/28142961_1_naugarh-check-dams-irrigation | title =Naugarh falls short of water for irrigation | work = |publisher = Times of India, Varanasi, 3 February 2010 | accessdate = 2010-05-05 | date=2010-02-03}} 14. ^Sir John Houlton, Bihar, the Heart of India, p. 180, Orient Longmans, 1949 15. ^{{cite web|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vVLZZkTcAV8C&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=Karmanasa+River&source=bl&ots=WU_VsJc64X&sig=2V9Kb2Q28aHGJ46yK42e5TY-eKE&hl=en&ei=rCbiS6bdE4K7rAeH-cSfAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAgQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Karmanasa%20River&f=false | title =Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients By David Hatcher Childress | work = p. 80 |publisher = Google books | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TUgnB5v9IucC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Avadh+Karmanasa&source=bl&ots=pUyKjv4bjC&sig=gqq3sG0Scb664YsW-QzKjPP5Xos&hl=en&ei=OWHjS-7IHs3CrAfQ6dToAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = History of Delhi sultanate | work = p. 36 |publisher = Google books | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 17. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT113&lpg=PT113&dq=Avadh+Karmanasa&source=bl&ots=rQ11VyiW1o&sig=JeZXsqPY-8eHbrMbq8BK6M98uHg&hl=en&ei=OWHjS-7IHs3CrAfQ6dToAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Avadh%20Karmanasa&f=false | title =Pratiyogita Darpan June 2008 | work = |publisher = Google books | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 18. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Battle-of-Chausa-41974.htm | title = Battle of Chausa | work = |publisher = | accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} 19. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i4tsWh7mRwYC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=Battle+of+Chausa+Karmanasa&source=bl&ots=pJgyGx-TAI&sig=eMVsVyuhMyVkputzJP6SOormpbM&hl=en&ei=pyHkS_KIDs2prAfctr3jAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Battle%20of%20Chausa%20Karmanasa&f=false | title = Encyclopaedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh | work = p. 117 |publisher = Google books| accessdate = 2010-05-05 }} External links
3 : Rivers of Bihar|Rivers of Uttar Pradesh|Ghazipur |
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