| 词条 | John Rock (American scientist) |
| 释义 |
|name = John Rock |image = |image_size =150px |caption = John Rock |birth_date = March 24, 1890 |birth_place = |death_date = December 4, 1984 (aged 94) |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = |ethnicity = |field = |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Combined oral contraceptive pill |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} John Rock (March 24, 1890 – December 4, 1984) was an American obstetrician and gynecologist. He is best known for the major role he played in the development of the first birth control pill, colloquially called "the pill". Early life and careerRock was born in Marlborough, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University Medical School in 1918 and founded his own medical practice a few years later.[1] Rock and his wife raised five children.[2] Rock was a pioneer in in vitro fertilization and sperm freezing. He helped many of his patients achieve pregnancy and became known as a "ground-breaking infertility specialist."[1] As his career progressed, Rock also became known for his acceptance of birth control. (Birth control was illegal in Massachusetts until the 1965 Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut.) In the 1930s, he founded a clinic to teach the rhythm method, the only birth control conditionally regarded as moral by the Catholic Church at the time. In 1931, Rock was the only Catholic physician to sign a petition to legalize birth control. In the 1940s, he taught at Harvard Medical School—and included birth control methods in his curriculum. Rock also coauthored a birth control guide for the general reader, titled Voluntary Parenthood and published in 1949.[1] Pill development and promotionIn 1951 and 1952, Margaret Sanger arranged for funding for Gregory Pincus's research of hormonal contraception. In 1952, John Rock was recruited to investigate clinical use of progesterone to prevent ovulation. In 1955, the team announced successful clinical use of progestins to prevent ovulation.[2] Enovid, the brand name of the first pill, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and put on the market in 1957 as a menstrual regulator. In 1960, Enovid gained approval from the FDA for contraceptive use.[3] Rock was 70 years old when Enovid was approved for contraceptive use.[1][2] Over the next eight years, Rock campaigned vigorously for Roman Catholic approval of the pill. He published a book, The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor's Proposals to End the Battle over Birth Control, and was subsequently featured in Time Magazine and Newsweek, and gave a one-hour interview to NBC.[2] In 1958, Pope Pius XII declared that use of the pill to treat menstrual disorders was not contrary to Catholic morals. Rock believed it was only a matter of time before the Catholic Church approved its use as a contraceptive. In 1968 the papal encyclical Humanae Vitae laid out definitively Catholic opposition to hormonal and all other artificial means of contraception. Rock was profoundly disappointed. Consequently, he withdrew from the church that he loved so much. (John Rock (1963). "The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor's Proposals to End the Battle Over Birth Control".) Attempts by far-left advocates to blame Rock for adding "unnecessary breaks" in use of the pill have been refuted by detailed facts and interviews with the same physician quoted as proof of his intent. [4] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=People & Events: Dr. John Rock |work=The Pill |publisher=PBS |author=American Experience |year=2001 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/p_rock.html |accessdate=November 29, 2009}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Birth control pioneer born |publisher=Mass Moments |year=2009 |url=http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=92 |accessdate=November 29, 2009}}, which cites::{{Cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Loretta |title=The pill, John Rock, and the church: the biography of a revolution |year=1982 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |isbn=0-316-56095-2}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author=Junod SW, Marks L |year=2002 |title=Women's trials: the approval of the first oral contraceptive pill in the United States and Great Britain |journal=J Hist Med Allied Sci |volume=57 |pages=117–60 |pmid=11995593 |url=http://jhmas.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/57/2/117.pdf | doi = 10.1093/jhmas/57.2.117|format=PDF |issue=2}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/8xy9qk/the-truth-about-the-pope-rule-and-the-seven-day-contraceptive-pill-gap|title=The Truth About the 'Pope Rule' and the Seven Day Contraceptive Pill Gap|first1=Hannah|last1=Ewens|first2=Corissa|last2=Hollenbeck|date=January 22, 2019|publisher=}} Further reading
External Links
9 : 1890 births|1984 deaths|Harvard Medical School faculty|American Roman Catholics|American obstetricians|American gynecologists|Harvard University alumni|People from Marlborough, Massachusetts|Catholics from Massachusetts |
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