| 词条 | Katanga Province |
| 释义 |
| name = Katanga Province | native_name = {{native name|fr|paren=omit|Province du Katanga}} | image_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo - Katanga.svg | coordinates = {{coord|11|08|S|27|06|E|type:adm1st_region:CD|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|COD|name=DR Congo}} | established_title = Established | established_date = {{start date|1966}} | extinct_title = Dissolved | extinct_date = {{end date|2015}} | seat_type = Capital | seat = Lubumbashi | leader_title = Governor | area_total_km2 = 496871 | population_total = 5608683 | population_as_of = 2010 est. | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Katangese | blank_name_sec1 = Official language | blank_info_sec1 = French | blank1_name_sec1 = National languages | blank1_info_sec1 = Swahili | type = Former province | seat1_type = Largest city | seat1 = Lubumbashi }}Katanga was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaïre), its official name was Shaba Province.[1] Katanga's area encompassed {{convert|497000|km2|ha}}. Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau. The eastern part of the province is considered to be a rich mining region, which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. The region's former capital, Lubumbashi, is the second largest city in the Congo.[2][3] History{{main|History of Katanga}}Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE.[4]In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes' Northern Rhodesia, and from the north by the Belgian Congo, the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. Msiri, the King of Katanga, held out against both, but eventually Katanga was subsumed by the Belgian Congo.[5]{{page needed|date=January 2019}} After 1900, the Societe Generale de Belgique practically controlled all of the mining in the province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). This included uranium, radium, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin. In 1915 a deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe. The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. After WWI ended a factory was built at Olen and the secrecy was lifted at the end of 1922 with the announcement of the production of the first gram of radium the pitchblende.[6] By the start of WWII, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". The Shinkolobwe mine by Jadotville (now Likasi) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project.[7] In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, the UMHK, Moise Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo supported the secession of the province of Katanga from the Congo. This was supported by Belgium but opposed by the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. This led to the murder of Lumumba and the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to 1963.[8] In 2005, the new constitution specified that Katanga was to be split up into separately administered provinces.[9] Militias such as Mai Mai Kata Katanga led by Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga fought for Katanga to secede, and his group briefly took over the provincial capital Lubumbashi in 2013.[8] In 2015, Katanga Province was split into the constitutional provinces of Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga.[10][11] EconomyCopper mining is an important part of the economy of Katanga province.[12] Cobalt mining by individual contractors is also prevalent. A number of reasons have been advanced for the failure of the vast mineral wealth of the province to increase the overall standard of living. The local provincial budget was US$440 million in 2011.[13][14] Mining{{Main|Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}Lubumbashi, the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a hub for many of the country's biggest mining companies. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces "more than 3 percent of the world’s copper and half its cobalt, most of which comes from Katanga".[15]Major mining concessions include Tilwezembe and Kalukundi. Mining companies
GeographyThe province formed the Congolese border with Angola and Zambia. The province also bordered Tanzania – although Katanga province and Tanzania did not share a land border – but the border was within Lake Tanganyika. Katanga has a wet and dry season. Rainfall is about {{convert|49|in|mm|order=flip|abbr=on}}.[19] Education and medical careThe University of Lubumbashi, located in the northern part of Lubumbashi city, is the largest university in the province and one of the largest in the country. A number of other university-level institutions exist in Lubumbashi, some public, some private: Institut Supérieur de Statistique, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique, Institut Supérieur des Études Sociales, Institut Supérieur de Commerce, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales (all state-run), Université Protestante de Lubumbashi (Korean Presbyterian), Institut Supérieur Maria Malkia (Catholic), Institut Supérieur de Développement Mgr Mulolwa (Catholique), Theologicum St François de Sales (Salesian seminary), Institut Supérieur de Théologie Évangélique de Lubumbashi (Pentecostal/Anglican/Brethren), etc. Université Méthodiste au Katanga, the oldest private university-level institution in the province, is located at Mulungwishi (between Likasi and Kolwezi) but organizes its Masters in Leadership courses in Lubumbashi. The University of Kamina, the University of Kolwezi and the University of Likasi are former branches of the University of Lubumbashi, which continues to have branches in some locations such as Kalemie.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} TESOL, the English Language School of Lubumbashi, is a secondary school that serves the expatriate community. It was founded in 1987 on the grounds of the French School, Lycée Français Blaise Pascal, which suspended operations in 1991 with a new French School starting in 2009.[20] In Lubumbashi, French, Belgian, and Greek schools are sponsored by the respective embassies.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The Jason Sendwe Hospital is the largest hospital in the province, located in Lubumbashi. The Afia (Don Bosco) and Vie & Santé hospitals are among the best-equipped and staffed. The University of Lubumbashi maintains a small teaching hospital in the center of Lubumbashi.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Katanga province has the highest rate of infant mortality in the world, with 184 of 1000 babies born expected to die before the age of five.[21] TransportationThe Congo Railway provides Katanga Province with limited railway service centered on Lubumbashi. Reliability is limited. Lubumbashi International Airport is located northeast of Lubumbashi. In April 2014, a train derailment killed 63 people.[22] MediaKatanga province is served by television broadcasts. Radio-Télévision nationale Congolaise (RTNC) has a transmitter in Lubumbashi that re-transmits the signal from Kinshasa. In 2005, new television broadcasts by Radio Mwangaza began in Lubumbashi.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Notable Katangese
See also{{Portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
References1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Katanga-province-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo|title=Katanga {{!}} province, Democratic Republic of the Congo|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QdBtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=The+region's+former+capital,+Lubumbashi,+is+the+second+largest+city+in+the+Congo&source=bl&ots=744j7iXptU&sig=H6v2UDSQ-HD4w-qNiGC-yaZ8hZo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik96WX_5fZAhWJabwKHZ0LCiIQ6AEIWzAI#v=onepage&q=The%20region's%20former%20capital,%20Lubumbashi,%20is%20the%20second%20largest%20city%20in%20the%20Congo&f=false|title=China and Africa Love Affair|last=George|first=Mr Francis Stevens|date=2014-02-06|publisher=Francis Stevens George|isbn=9781494998516|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo.html|title=Biggest Cities In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo|work=WorldAtlas|access-date=2018-02-26|language=en}} 4. ^{{cite book |editor=Amy McKenna |title=The History of Central and Eastern Africa |publisher=Rosen Education Service |series=Britannica Guide to Africa |date=2011 |isbn=978-1615303229 |page=9}} 5. ^{{cite book |author=Daniel Crawford |title=Thinking Black: 22 Years Without a Break in the Long Grass of Central Africa |location=New York |publisher=George H. Doran |date=1912 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9}} 6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20050325035647/http://www.world-nuclear.org/ushista.htm Uranium' scientic history - Part 2] 7. ^{{cite book |author=Susan Williams |title=Spies in the Congo |publisher=Public Affairs |location=New York |date=2016 |isbn=9781610396547 |pages=76–77, 289}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23422038 |title=Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede |author=Maud Jullien |date=2013-08-12 |work=BBC Africa |accessdate=2019-01-16 |language=en-GB}} 9. ^{{cite web |url = http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo#Article_2 |title=Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo: Article 2 |publisher=Wikisource}} 10. ^The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 January 2015. {{fr icon}} 11. ^Election of governors: definite results expected on 18 April, Radio Okapi, 27 March 2016. {{fr icon}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.congo-pages.org/katart/copper.htm |title=COPPER|publisher=congo-pages.org|accessdate=23 October 2015}} 13. ^{{cite news |url=http://radiookapi.net/economie/2010/09/21/katanga-le-budget-2011-s%E2%80%99eleve-a-396-milliards-de-francs-congolais|date=21 September 2010|title=Katanga: le budget 2011 s’élève à 396 milliards de Francs congolais|publisher=Radio Okapi|deadurl= yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120723234325/http://radiookapi.net/economie/2010/09/21/katanga-le-budget-2011-s%E2%80%99eleve-a-396-milliards-de-francs-congolais/|archivedate = 23 July 2012 |df= dmy-all}} 14. ^{{cite report|url=http://friendsofthecongo.org/pdf/fataltransactions.pdf|format=PDF|title=The State vs. the People: Governance, mining and the transitional regime in the Democratic Republic of Congo|publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa|location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands|date=2006|ISBN=90-78028-04-1}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=Congolese Militia Seizes UN Compound in Katanga’s Lubumbashi|author=Michael J. Kavanagh|date=23 March 2013|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-23/congolese-militia-seizes-un-compound-in-katanga-s-lubumbashi.html|accessdate=23 March 2013}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.katangamining.com/kat/about_us/history|title=History: dead link |publisher=Katanga Mining |accessdate=16 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110080329/http://www.katangamining.com/kat/about_us/history|archivedate=10 November 2011 |df=}} 17. ^{{cite report|title=Katanga Mining|url=http://www.glencore.com/katanga-mining.html}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.investis.com/kat/operations/reportsoperational/techreport-mar09.pdf|title=An Independent Technical Report on the Material Assets of Katanga Mining Limited... |date=17 March 2009 |publisher=SRK Consulting|accessdate=6 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506114820/http://www.investis.com/kat/operations/reportsoperational/techreport-mar09.pdf|archivedate= 6 May 2012|df=}} 19. ^Katanga, or Shaba (province, Democratic Republic of the Congo) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia 20. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070426161451/http://web.mac.com/hoovmoss/iWeb/TESOL/Home.html English-speaking School of Lubumbashi (TESOL)], page from 2007, Internet Archive, Accessed 3 March 2013. 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17769472|title=DR Congo eyes a greater share of its mineral riches|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=22 April 2012|date=22 April 2012}} 22. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/dozens-killed-dr-congo-train-crash-2014423153141961150.html |author= |title=Scores killed in DR Congo train crash |publisher=Al-Jazeera |date=23 April 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2014}} Bibliography{{Empty section|date=January 2018}}External links{{Commons category|Katanga}}
6 : Katanga Province|Former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–2015)|Haut-Lomami|Tanganyika Province|1966 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|2015 disestablishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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