| 词条 | Kate Greenaway | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| bgcolour = #EFDFDF | name = Kate Greenaway | image = Kate Greenaway00.jpg | imagesize = 200px | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Catherine Greenaway | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1846|3|17}} | birth_place = Hoxton, London, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1901|11|6|1846|3|17}} | death_place = Frognal, London, England | nationality = British | field = Creation of picture books | training = Heatherley School of Fine Art }} Catherine Greenaway (17 March 1846{{spaced ndash}}6 November 1901) was a Victorian artist and writer, known for her children's book illustrations. She received her education in graphic design and art between 1858 and 1871 from South Kensington School of Art and the Royal Female School of Art, and the Slade School of Fine Art. She began her career designing for the burgeoning holiday card market, producing Christmas and Valentine's cards. In 1879 wood-block engraver and printer, Edmund Evans, printed Under the Window, an instant best-seller, which established her reputation. Her collaboration with Evans continued throughout the 1880s and 1890s. The depictions of children in imaginary 18th-century costumes in a Queen Anne style were extremely popular in England and internationally, sparking the Kate Greenaway style. Within a few years of the publication of Under the Window Greenaway's work was imitated in England, Germany and the United States. ChildhoodKate Greenaway was born in Hoxton, London, the second of four children, to a working-class family. Her mother, Elizabeth, was a dress maker and her father, John, an engraver. Not long after Greenaway's birth, her father left Ebenezer Landells engraving firm. He received a commission to engrave illustrations for a new edition of Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, and, in order to concentrate on the work, sent his family to live with relatives in the country. They spent about two years in Rolleston, Nottinghamshire, where Kate would return frequently during her childhood and a place which affected her deeply.[1][2] According to children's literature scholar Humphrey Carpenter that period was to her "crucial ... she felt it to be her real home, a country of the mind that she could always reimagine";[2] a place to continually reimagine and embellish as a contrast to the grimy London streets.[2] Greenaway was never paid for the work – the publisher went bankrupt – leaving the family without income.[3][2] On the return of his wife and children, the family moved to Islington, where Elizabeth Greenaway opened a children's dress shop. They lived in a flat above. Outside the building was a garden, which Greenaway wrote about in letters and an unfinished autobiography in the 1880s, describing it as place with "richness of colour and depth of shade."[4] Her father engraved illustrations for weekly publications, among them The Illustrated London News, often bringing home the wood blocks to be carved during the night.[1] The work interested his young daughter, and Kate was exposed to illustrations by John Leech, John Gilbert and Kenny Meadows.[5] She read chapbook versions of fairy tales, noting later her favourites were "Sleeping Beauty", "Cinderella", and "Beauty and the Beast", and enjoyed reading illustrated editions of Shakespeare, writing "Children often don’t care a bit about the books people think they will and I think they often like grown-up books – at least I did."[2] Alongside fairy tales and Shakespeare, she was exposed each week to current news stories, some quite grisly, such as the illustrations her father engraved about murderer William Palmer for the Illustrated London News in 1856.[5] Education and early workAs a young child Greenaway's parents taught her at home; later she was sent to various dame schools. In 1857, at age 12, she began night classes at nearby Finsbury School,[2] a local branch of South Kensington School of Art participating in National Course of Art Training in the decorative arts. Night courses, open only to women, were offered in drawing, porcelain painting, wood engraving and lithography.[13] She enrolled full-time a year later. The curriculum, devised by Henry Cole, was meant to train artisans in designing decorative wallpaper, tiles and carpets. It emphasised strict adherence to copying geometric and botanical elements without creativity. There were of four stages of courses, which she completed in 1864[6] before going to the Royal Female School of Art.[15] The headmaster at the Royal Female School of Art was Richard Burchett, whom Elizabeth Thompson described as a "bearded, velvet-skull-capped and cold-searching-eyed man."[6] Greenaway was quite shy and thought of herself as plain and unattractive compared to the other students. Yet she became friends with the much more popular Thompson,[6] with whom she shared a studio.[7] The two young women worked diligently in their studio to perfect their skills. At this point she was allowed to draw human figures, at first from plaster casts and then from models dressed in historical or ornamental costumes, skills she applied during the summers in Rolleston. However she was unable to fully master human anatomy;[8] frustrated that nude models were not permitted in the women's classes, she enrolled in night classes at Heatherley School of Fine Art where she met Edward Burne-Jones, Edward Poynter and Walter Crane.[6] In 1871 she enrolled in the Slade School of Fine Art, where Poynter was head master.[6] Determined to break from Henry Cole's rigid curriculum, he exhorted students to become more expressive and creative, concepts alien to Greenaway whose long early years of training consisted solely of copying and work with geometric designs. She struggled at Heatherley and once again was frustrated that women were segregated from men in the life class.[6] While she was still in school, Greenaway received commissions for children's book illustrations. The first came in 1867 for a frontispiece for Infant Amusements, setting a path towards specialization in children's books.[9] Her reputation was built on the awards she had won while completing the National Art Courses, and buttressed with early exhibitions. She exhibited a set of fairy watercolours in 1868, which she sold to W. J. Loftie, publisher of People's Magazine.[10] He set them to verse and printed them in his magazine. A year later Frederick Warne & Co purchased six illustrations for a toy book edition of "Diamonds and Toads";[11] printed by Joseph Martin Kronheim.[12] which took a year to complete.[6] In 1871 Gall & Inglis published an edition of Madame d'Aulnoy's fairy tales, which she illustrated.[11] That year she continued with her classes and earned more than 70 pounds.[6] She was aware, that the work she produced was overly gaudy, in part because she lacked technical knowledge of the Chromoxylography process. To gain a better understanding of the colour process, she made frequent visits to the National Gallery;[13] where she studied masters such as Jan van Eyck, whose Arnolfini Portrait she especially liked.[7] At that time, she gained access to the manuscript room at the British Museum where she studied illuminated manuscripts.[14] Freelance yearsThe new, popular and lucrative card market coincided with the end of Greenaway's formal training.[6] Greetings cards first appeared in the 1840s, and by the 1860s the market exploded.[15] Card maker Marcus Ward & Co hired Greenaway in 1871 on a freelance basis.[11] With its reputation for quality work, the Belfast firm was one of the pre-eminent Victoria era card printers. Her designs sold well and they said of her work that “her special talent was in the direction of costume figures and dainty colours.”[16] Her cards sold well, and early valentines sold 25,000 copies in weeks.[17] {{clear}}Under the WindowHer first book, Under the Window (1879), a collection of simple, perfectly idyllic verses about children, was a bestseller.[18] Later years and deathIn the 1880s, the most popular designers of bookplates were Greenaway, along with Crane and Aubrey Beardsley. Their work exhibited intricate art nouveau elements with flowing vines and floral patterns.[19] Greenaway was elected to membership of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours in 1889. She exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[20] She lived in an Arts and Crafts style house she commissioned from Richard Norman Shaw in Frognal, London, although she spent summers in Rolleston. Greenaway died of breast cancer in 1901, at the age of 55.[21] She is buried in Hampstead Cemetery, London. StyleGreenaway's paintings were reproduced by chromoxylography, by which the colours were printed from hand-engraved wood blocks by the firm of Edmund Evans.[22] Through the 1880s and 1890s, her only rivals in popularity in children's book illustration were Walter Crane and Randolph Caldecott. "Kate Greenaway" children, all of them girls and boys too young to be put in trousers, were dressed in her own versions of late 18th century and Regency fashions: smock-frocks and skeleton suits for boys, high-waisted pinafores and dresses with mobcaps and straw bonnets for girls. The influence of children's clothes in portraits by British painter John Hoppner (1758–1810) may have provided her some inspiration. Liberty of London adapted Kate Greenaway's drawings as designs for actual children's clothes. A full generation of mothers in the liberal-minded "artistic" British circles who called themselves The Souls and embraced the Arts and Crafts movement dressed their daughters in Kate Greenaway pantaloons and bonnets in the 1880s and 1890s.[18] The style was often used by painter Maude Goodman in her depictions of children. LegacyThe Kate Greenaway Medal, established in her honour in 1955, is awarded annually by the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals in the UK to an illustrator of children's books. Books illustrated{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=List of works}}
GalleryReferencesCitations1. ^1 Devereux, 49-50 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Carpenter, 225 3. ^Devereux, 49-50 4. ^Devereux, 50 5. ^1 Devereux, 53 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Devereux, 57-60 7. ^1 Spielmann, 43 8. ^1 Carpenter, 226 9. ^Huneault, 611 10. ^Huneault, 611 11. ^1 2 Greenaway Papers, USM de Grummond Library. Accessed October 4, 2017 12. ^Spielmann, 49 13. ^Devereux, 60 14. ^Spielmann, 47 15. ^Rudikoff, 409 16. ^Devereux, 60 17. ^Spielmann, 48 18. ^1 Danger, 311 19. ^Keenan, James. (2003) The Art of the Bookplate. Barnes & Noble. {{ISBN|9780760746967}}, 23-24 20. ^{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=K. L. |title=Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893| url=http://arcadiasystems.org/academia/cassatt9b.html#greenaway|accessdate=29 July 2018}} 21. ^[https://www.clevelandart.org/research/in-the-library/collection-in-focus/k-kate...kate-greenaway K is for Kate]. Cleveland Museum of Art. Retrieved September 18, 2017 22. ^Color Printing in the 19th century. University of Delaware.Retrieved September 18, 2017 Sources{{refbegin|30em}}
Further reading
External links{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=64163914}}{{Portal |Children's literature |Visual arts}}
17 : 1846 births|1901 deaths|British illustrators|British children's book illustrators|British children's writers|Deaths from breast cancer|19th-century illustrators of fairy tales|People from Hoxton|Deaths from cancer in England|English watercolourists|Alumni of the Heatherley School of Fine Art|Alumni of the Royal College of Art|British women painters|Burials at Hampstead Cemetery|19th-century English painters|19th-century British women artists|Women watercolorists |
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