| 词条 | Joseph Smitherman |
| 释义 |
| name= Joseph Smitherman | image= | office=Mayor of Selma | term_start1= 1980 | term_end1= 2000 | predecessor1= Carl Morgan, Jr. | successor1= James Perkins, Jr. | term_start2= 1964 | term_end2= July 15, 1979 | predecessor2= Chris Heinz | successor2= Carl Morgan, Jr. | birth_date= December 23, 1929 | birth_place= Alberta, Alabama | death_date= {{dda|2005|9|11|1929|12|23}} | death_place= Selma, Alabama | constituency= | party=Democratic Party | spouse= | occupation = railroad brakeman | website= | nickname = | allegiance = {{flagicon|USA}} United States of America | branch = United States Army | serviceyears = | rank = | unit = | commands = | battles = Korean War | mawards = | military_blank1 = | military_data1 = }}Joseph T. "Joe" Smitherman (December 23, 1929 – September 11, 2005) was an American politician who served more than 35 years as mayor of Selma, Alabama. He was in office during the Selma to Montgomery marches of the Civil Rights Movement.[1] Life and careerSmitherman was born in Alberta, Alabama. His family moved to Selma, where he graduated from high school. Smitherman worked as a railroad brakeman before joining the United States Army during the Korean War. Upon discharge, he opened a home appliance store. In 1960, he won a seat on the Selma City Council. He was elected mayor in 1964. He resigned in 1979 and was succeeded by Council President Carl Morgan (d. 2006). A year later he returned to office, defeating Mayor Morgan in a three-way race. He served five more terms until the 2000 mayoral elections, when he lost to James Perkins, Jr., Selma's first African American mayor, who ran under the slogan "Joe's Got To Go".[1][2] In his early political career in the 1960s he was in favor of segregation, and controversially referred to Martin Luther King Jr. as "Martin Luther Coon" in a 1965 televised interview. He explained it as a slip of the tongue.[3] After African Americans gained voting rights, he appointed several African Americans officials to high municipal offices. And he gained enough support among the African American population to remain in office, proudly referring to his significant support in the African American community.[3] At the time of the Selma march he was considered a moderate, and was not close to Judge James Hare or Sheriff Jim Clark who ordered and carried out the police operation against marchers. Nonetheless he did order city police to use force against the protesters, but the order was disobeyed by the safety director Wilson Baker. Before the marches he had rejected the possibility of forming a biracial reconciliation committee.[3][4] He later stated that he had always been racially tolerant and that it was the political climate around him that required him to work against the civil rights movement, even though really he was in favor of change.[3] DeathAt the time of his death, Smitherman was recuperating from hip surgery and had heart problems. The Joseph T. Smitherman Historic Building in Selma is named in his honor. References1. ^ABCNews "Selma Elects First Black Mayor, 13. Sept. 2000, Bob Johnson" {{s-start}}{{succession box2. ^Randall Williams, Ben Beard. 2009. This Day in Civil Rights History. NewSouth Books. p. 279 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/national/13smitherman.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 13, 2005| title=Joseph Smitherman, Mayor in Selma Strife, Dies at 75|last=Martin|first=Douglas}} 4. ^Craig Swanson. 2014. The Selma Campaign. Archway Publishing, pp. 45-48 |before= Chris Heinz |title=Mayor of Selma, Alabama |years = 1964–July 15, 1979 |after = Carl Morgan, Jr.}}{{succession box |before= Carl Morgan, Jr. |title=Mayor of Selma, Alabama |years = 1980–2000 |after = James Perkins, Jr.}}{{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Smitherman, Joseph}}{{Alabama-mayor-stub}}{{Civil-rights-movement-stub}} 8 : 1929 births|2005 deaths|20th-century American politicians|Alabama city council members|American army personnel of the Korean War|Mayors of places in Alabama|Politicians from Selma, Alabama|People from Wilcox County, Alabama |
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