| 词条 | Kayseri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|settlement_type=Metropolitan municipality |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{TUR}} |timezone = EET |utc_offset = +2 |map_caption = Location of Kayseri within Turkey. |timezone_DST = EEST |utc_offset_DST = +3 |official_name = Kayseri |image_skyline = City of Kayseri.png |imagesize = 240px |image_caption = Top: Kadir Has Stadium, 2nd left: Sivas Avenue, 2nd right: Atatürk Statue and the city walls of Kayseri in the background, 3rd: Tekin business district and Oto Park, Bottom left: Kayseri Castle at night, Bottom right: Kayseray. |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Central Anatolia |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = Kayseri |population_metro = 1,322,376 |population_total = 1,061,942 |population_as_of = 2014 |population_footnotes = [1] |population_density_km2 = |area_total_km2 = |elevation_m = 1050 |pushpin_map = Turkey |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kayseri, Turkey |pushpin_mapsize = 255px |coordinates = {{coord|38|44|N|35|29|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 38x xx |blank_info = 38|blank_name = Licence plate |area_code = (+90) 352 |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Mustafa Çelik (AKP) |website = www.kayseri.bel.tr www.kayseri.gov.tr }} Kayseri ({{IPA-tr|ˈkajseɾi}}) is a large industrialised city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas. Kayseri is located at the foot of the extinct volcano Mount Erciyes that towers {{convert|3,916|m|abbr=off}} over the city. The city is often cited in the first ranks among Turkey's cities that fit the definition of Anatolian Tigers.[2] The city retains a number of historical monuments, including several from the Seljuk period. While it is generally visited en route to the international tourist attractions of Cappadocia, Kayseri has many attractions in its own right: Seljuk and Ottoman era monuments in and around the city centre, Mount Erciyes as a trekking and alpinism centre, Zamantı River as a rafting centre, and the historic sites of Kültepe, Ağırnas, Talas and Develi. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University. According to the Turkish Statistical Institute, {{As of|2011|lc=y}} the city of Kayseri had a population of 844,656; while Kayseri Province had a population of 1,234,651.[3][4] EtymologyKayseri was originally called Mazaka or Mazaca by the Hattians and was known as such to Strabo, during whose time it was the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia, known also as Eusebia at the Argaeus (Εὐσέβεια ἡ πρὸς τῶι Ἀργαίωι in Greek), after Ariarathes V Eusebes, King of Cappadocia (163–130 BC). The name was changed again by Archelaus (d. 17 AD), last King of Cappadocia (36 BC–14 AD) and a Roman vassal, to "Caesarea in Cappadocia" (to distinguish it from other cities with the name Caesarea in the Roman Empire) in honour of Caesar Augustus, upon his death in 14 AD. When the Muslim Arabs arrived, they adapted the pronunciation to their writing resulting in Kaisariyah (note that letter C in classical Latin was pronounced K), and this eventually became Kayseri when the Seljuk Turks took control of the city in circa 1080, remaining as such ever since.[5] HistoryAncient historyThe city has been continuously inhabited since perhaps c. 3000 BC{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} with the establishment of the ancient trading colony at Kültepe (Ash Mountain) which is associated with the Hittites. The city has always been a vital trade centre as it is located on major trade routes, particularly along what was called the Great Silk Road{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}. Kültepe, one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor, lies 20 km away. As Mazaca, the city served as the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa during the over 200 years of Achaemenid Persian rule. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city. The city stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes (Mount Argaeus in ancient times). Only a few traces of the ancient site survive in the old town. Hellenistic TimesThe city was the centre of a satrapy under Persian rule until it was conquered by Perdikkas, one of the generals of Alexander the Great when it became the seat of a transient satrapy by another of Alexander's former generals, Eumenes of Cardia. The city was subsequently passed to the Seleucid empire after the battle of Ipsus but became once again the centre of an autonomous Greater Cappadocian kingdom under Ariarathes III of Cappadocia in around 250 BC. In the ensuing period, the city came under the sway of Hellenistic influence, and was given the Greek name of Eusebia ({{lang-el|Ευσέβεια}}) in honor of the Cappadocian king Ariarathes V Eusebes Philopator of Cappadocia (163–130 BC). The new name of Caesarea ({{lang-el|Καισάρεια}}), by which it has since been known, was given to it by the last Cappadocian King Archelaus[5] or perhaps by Tiberius.[6] Roman and Byzantine RuleThe city passed under formal Roman rule in 17 AD. Caesarea was destroyed by the Sassanid king Shapur I after his victory over the Emperor Valerian I in AD 260. At the time it was recorded to have around 400,000 inhabitants. The city gradually recovered, and became home to several early Christian saints: saints Dorothea and Theophilus the martyrs, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa and Basil of Caesarea. In the 4th century, bishop Basil established an ecclesiastic centre on the plain, about one mile to the northeast, which gradually supplanted the old town.[7] It included a system of almshouses, an orphanage, old peoples' homes, and a leprosarium (leprosy hospital). The city's bishop, Thalassius, attended the [8] Second Council of Ephesus and was suspended from the Council of Chalcedon [9] A Notitia Episcopatuum composed during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius in about 640 lists 5 suffragan dioceses of the metropolitan see of Caesarea. A 10th-century list gives it 15 suffragans.[10] In all the Notitiae Caesarea is given the second place among the metropolitan sees of the patriarchate of Constantinople, preceded only by Constantinople itself, and its archbishops were given the title of protothronos, meaning "of the first see" (after that of Constantinople). More than 50 first-millennium archbishops of the see are known by name, and the see itself continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until 1923, when by order of the Treaty of Lausanne all members of that Church(Greeks)were deported from what is now Turkey.[11][12][13] Caesarea was also the seat of an Armenian diocese.[14] No longer a residential bishopric, Caesarea in Cappadocia is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see of the Armenian Catholic Church and the Melkite Catholic Church.[15] A portion of Basil's new city was surrounded with strong walls, and it was turned into a fortress by Justinian. Caesarea in the 9th century became a Byzantine administrative centre as the capital of the Byzantine Theme of Charsianon. The 1500-year-old Kayseri Castle, built initially by the Byzantines, and expanded by the Seljuks and Ottomans, is still standing in good condition in the central square of the city. Islamic EraThe Arab general (and later the first Umayyad Caliph) Muawiyah invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from the Byzantines temporarily in 647.[16] The city was called Kaisariyah ({{lang|ar|قيصرية}}) by the Arabs, and later Kayseri ({{lang|fa|قیصری}}) by Seljuk Turks,[5] when it was captured by Alp Arslan in 1067. The forces of the latter demolished the city and massacred its population.[17] The shrine of Saint Basil was also sacked after the fall of the city.[18] As a result, the city remained uninhabited for the next half century.[17] Later, during 1074–1178 the area came under the control of the Danishmendids and rebuilt the city in 1134.[19] The Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate controlled the city during the period 1178–1243 and became one of their most prominent centers, until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri, rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. Kayseri was successively ruled by Eretnids. The city finally became Ottoman in 1515. It was sanjak center initially in Rum Eyalet (1515–1521), finally in Ankara Vilayet (Founded as Bozok Eyalet) (1839–1923). Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating to 2000 BC, was when the city was a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (1st to 11th centuries). The third golden age was during the reign of Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state. The short-lived Seljuk rule left a large number of historic landmarks; historic buildings such as the Hunat Hatun Complex, Kilij Arslan Mosque, The Grand Mosque and Gevher Nesibe Hospital. Modern eraThe Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai (where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan) dates from around 1500. The town's older districts (which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from the 18th and 19th centuries) were subjected to wholesale demolitions starting in the 1970s.[20] The building that hosts the Kayseri lyceum was arranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army had advanced very close to Ankara, the base of the Turkish National Movement. Today the city is famous for its carpet sellers. GeographyClimateKayseri has a cold semi-arid climate, Köppen climate classification (BSk) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers with cool nights due to Kayseri's high elevation. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring, early summer and late autumn. {{Weather box|metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Kayseri (1928–2017) |Jan record high C = 18.0 |Feb record high C = 22.6 |Mar record high C = 28.6 |Apr record high C = 31.2 |May record high C = 33.6 |Jun record high C = 37.6 |Jul record high C = 40.7 |Aug record high C = 40.6 |Sep record high C = 36.0 |Oct record high C = 33.6 |Nov record high C = 26.0 |Dec record high C = 21.0 |year record high C = 40.7 |Jan high C = 4.0 |Feb high C = 6.1 |Mar high C = 11.3 |Apr high C = 17.6 |May high C = 22.4 |Jun high C = 26.8 |Jul high C = 30.6 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 26.5 |Oct high C = 20.3 |Nov high C = 12.9 |Dec high C = 6.4 |year high C = 18.0 |Jan mean C = -1.7 |Feb mean C = 0.2 |Mar mean C = 4.8 |Apr mean C = 10.6 |May mean C = 15.0 |Jun mean C = 19.0 |Jul mean C = 22.3 |Aug mean C = 22.0 |Sep mean C = 17.4 |Oct mean C = 11.8 |Nov mean C = 5.5 |Dec mean C = 0.6 |year mean C = 10.6 |Jan low C = -6.8 |Feb low C = -5.2 |Mar low C = -1.4 |Apr low C = 3.1 |May low C = 6.7 |Jun low C = 9.7 |Jul low C = 11.9 |Aug low C = 11.4 |Sep low C = 7.3 |Oct low C = 3.4 |Nov low C = -0.9 |Dec low C = -4.4 |year low C = 2.9 |Jan record low C = -32.5 |Feb record low C = -31.2 |Mar record low C = -28.1 |Apr record low C = -11.6 |May record low C = -6.9 |Jun record low C = -0.6 |Jul record low C = 2.9 |Aug record low C = 1.4 |Sep record low C = -3.8 |Oct record low C = -12.2 |Nov record low C = -20.7 |Dec record low C = -28.4 |year record low C = -32.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 35.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 36.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 51.8 |May precipitation mm = 51.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 39.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 9.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 6.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 13.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 27.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 32.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 37.4 |year precipitation mm = 384.3 |Jan precipitation days = 12.2 |Feb precipitation days = 11.3 |Mar precipitation days = 12.8 |Apr precipitation days = 12.4 |May precipitation days = 12.7 |Jun precipitation days = 8.2 |Jul precipitation days = 2.2 |Aug precipitation days = 1.8 |Sep precipitation days = 3.5 |Oct precipitation days = 7.2 |Nov precipitation days = 8.7 |Dec precipitation days = 11.9 |year precipitation days = 104.9 |Jan humidity = 76 |Feb humidity = 72 |Mar humidity = 62 |Apr humidity = 58 |May humidity = 56 |Jun humidity = 50 |Jul humidity = 44 |Aug humidity = 44 |Sep humidity = 47 |Oct humidity = 58 |Nov humidity = 69 |Dec humidity = 77 |Jan snow days= 9 |Feb snow days= 9 |Mar snow days= 6 |Apr snow days= 1 |May snow days= 0 |Jun snow days= 0 |Jul snow days= 0 |Aug snow days= 0 |Sep snow days= 0 |Oct snow days= 0 |Nov snow days= 3 |Dec snow days= 8 |Jan sun = 93.0 |Feb sun = 113.0 |Mar sun = 148.8 |Apr sun= 186.0 |May sun = 254.2 |Jun sun = 309.0 |Jul sun = 368.9 |Aug sun = 350.3 |Sep sun = 273.0 |Oct sun = 207.7 |Nov sun = 144.0 |Dec sun = 93.0 |Jand sun = 3.0 |Febd sun = 4.0 |Mard sun = 4.8 |Aprd sun = 6.2 |Mayd sun = 8.2 |Jund sun = 10.3 |Juld sun = 11.9 |Augd sun = 11.3 |Sepd sun = 9.1 |Octd sun = 6.7 |Novd sun = 4.8 |Decd sun = 3.0 |source 1 = Turkish State Meteorological Service[21] |date= March 2011 |source 2= Weather2[22] }} Political structureThe city of Kayseri consists of the following metropolitan districts:
EconomyKayseri received notable public investments in the 1920s and 1930s. Sumer Textile and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikasi (airplane manufacturer) were set up here during the post Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured the first aircraft "made in Turkey" in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants became transformed into countrywide capitalists. Families such as Sabancı, Has, Dedeman, Hattat, Kurmel, Özyeğin, Karamanlargil and Özilhan who started out as small-scale merchants in the city of Kayseri became prominent actors in the Turkish economy. These families set up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana, nevertheless often coming back to Kayseri to invest. Thanks to the economic liberalisation policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructures, the city achieved a remarkable industrial growth since 2000 and is one of the key cities that characterises the class of Anatolian Tigers, with a favourable environment present especially for small and medium enterprises. The pace of growth of the city was so fast that in 2004 the city applied to the Guinness Book of World Records for the most new manufacturing industries started in a single day: 139 factories. Kayseri also has emerged as one of the most successful furniture-making hub in Turkey earned more than a billion dollars in export revenues in 2007. Kayseri Free Zone established in 1998, today has more than 43 companies with an investment of 140 million dollars. The Zone's main business activities including; production, trading, warehouse management, mounting and demounting, assembly-disassembly, merchandising, maintenance and repair, engineering workshops, office and workplace rental, packing-repacking, banking and insurance, leasing, labelling and exhiption facilities. Kayseri FTZ with cost of $8 per square meter is one of the lowest cost land free zones in the world.[23]Some social scientists trace this economic success to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism" which they say is taking root in Kayseri.[24] TransportThe city is served by Erkilet International Airport and the International Air Transport Association symbol for the airport is ASR. The airport is a short distance from the centre of Kayseri. There are several flights per day to Istanbul, Turkey's premium air transportation hub. Since the air transportation industry in Turkey is growing quickly, new flights from Kayseri to several other localities inside and outside Turkey are soon to be expected. Kayseri is connected to the rest of country with railway service. There are four trains per day to Ankara. To the east there are two branches: one to Kars, and another to Tatvan on the west shore of Lake Van. As the city is located in central Turkey, car and bus transportation are highly efficient. It takes approximately three hours to reach Ankara, approximately three hours to Mediterranean shores and 45 minutes to Cappadocia. The symbol of the city, Mount Erciyes, which is a notable ski centre in winters and accessible for trekking in summertime, is at only 30 minutes' drive from the city centre. The transportation within the city relies mainly on buses, and personal vehicles. A light rail transit (LRT) system called Kayseray was constructed and completed by the end of 2009. SportsThe city has two professional football teams competing in the top-flight of Turkish football: Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor, both playing in the Spor Toto Super League, making Kayseri one of the only two cities having more than one team in Spor Toto Süper Lig 2013–14, the other being Istanbul. Kayserispor is the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup, in 2006. The Erciyes Ski Resort at Mount Erciyes is one of the largest ski resorts in Turkey. Sports venues
EducationKayseri High School (Kayseri Lisesi), established in 1893, is one of the oldest high schools in Turkey. Küçükçalık Anatolian High School (Nuh Mehmet Küçükçalık Anadolu Lisesi), established in 1984, which is providing education in English, is among the first ones in Turkey. Kılıçarslan is a private high school in Kayseri, In 2000, it became a sister school with Anatolia College in Thessaloniki. TED Kayseri College in Kocasinan district of the city a Private, non-profit, co-educational kindergarten, primary, junior high, and high school is the third largest school in TED, since its foundation in 1966 thousands of students have graduated from the school. Kayseri is home to 2 state and 1 private universities.
CuisineKayseri is renowned for its culinary specialities such as mantı, pastırma and sucuk. Mantı is the most popular dish in Kayseri for the local people and tourists. Another speciality is stuffed zucchini flowers made with Köfte, garlic and spices. Nevzine is a traditional dessert. Images from KayseriNotable people from Kayseri{{Main article|List of people from Kayseri}}
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}Twin towns — Sister citiesKayseri is twinned with:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Turkey: Major cities and provinces|url=http://citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|publisher=citypopulation.de|accessdate=2015-02-08|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224193933/http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|archivedate=2015-02-24|df=}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_69.pdf|title=Islamic Calvinists: Change and Conservatism in Central Anatolia|author=ESI|publisher=European Stability Initiative, Berlin|accessdate=2005-09-19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210131230/http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_69.pdf|archivedate=2005-12-10|df=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-RBC20.html#Stadt_gross|title=2011|author=|date=|website=citypopulation.de|accessdate=29 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114073240/https://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-RBC20.html#Stadt_gross|archivedate=14 January 2017|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8428&tb_id=1|title=Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044744/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8428&tb_id=1|archivedate=2016-03-04|df=}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t209.e3530|title = Kayseri|dateformat = |accessdate =2007-12-11|last = Everett-Heath|first = John|year = 2005|work = Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names|publisher = Oxford University Press}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03133b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caesarea|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702063704/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03133b.htm|archivedate=2007-07-02|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web |author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://lexicorient.com/e.o/kayseri.htm |title=Kayseri – LookLex Encyclopaedia |publisher=Lexicorient.com |date=2005-10-17 |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314212453/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/kayseri.htm |archivedate=2012-03-14 |df= }} 8. ^Richard Price, Michael Gaddis The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=RA2-PA157&lpg=RA2-PA157&dq=Richard+Price,+Michael+Gaddis,+The+Acts+of+the+Council+of+Chalcedon,+Volume+1&source=bl&ots=xsdx6sJqOR&sig=0y3dFazEyPhUhsMf-71F7IACMDc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLr8OLofnMAhUJFpQKHXQnC0gQ6AEINTAF#v=snippet&q=Caesarea&f=false p31]. 9. ^Richard Price, Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=RA2PA157&lpg=RA2PA157&dq=Richard+Price,+Michael+Gaddis,+The+Acts+of+the+Council+of+Chalcedon,+Volume+1&source=bl&ots=xsdx6sJqOR&sig=0y3dFazEyPhUhsMf71F7IACMDc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLr8OLofnMAhUJFpQKHXQnC0gQ6AEINTAF#v=snippet&q=Caesarea&f=false p36]. 10. ^Heinrich Gelzer, [https://archive.org/stream/abhandlungenbay06klasgoog#page/n575/mode/2up Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum], in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 536, nº 77–82, and pp. 551–552, nnº 106–121. 11. ^Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150308111152/http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1 |date=2015-03-08 }}, Leipzig 1931, p. 440 12. ^Michel Lequien, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus], Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 367–390 13. ^Raymond Janin, v. 2. Césarée de Cappadoce, in [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairedhis12baud#page/104/mode/2up Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques], vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 199–203 14. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03133b.htm|title = Caesarea|work = Catholic Encyclopedia|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702063704/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03133b.htm|archivedate = 2007-07-02|df = }} 15. ^Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 867 16. ^Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Pg 116. 17. ^1 {{cite book|last=Ash|first=John|title=A Byzantine journey|year=2006|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=London|isbn=9781845113070|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQCKEk1GXlYC&pg=PA267&dq=caesarea+massacre+manzikert&hl=el&sa=X&ei=gmKrUbiiGcWBtAbB_YDwBQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22In%20that%20year%20the%20Turks%20captured%20Caesarea%2C%20the%20chief%20city%20of%20eastern%20Cappadocia%2C%20burnt%20it%20to%20the%20ground%2C%20massacred%20its%22&f=false|edition=[2. ed.]|quote=In that year the Turks captured Caesarea, the chief city of eastern Cappadocia, burnt it to the ground, massacred its inhabitants and descrated the great shrine of Saint Basil.}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Louis Bréhier ; translated by Margaret|title=The life and death of Byzantium|year=1977|publisher=North-Holland Pub. Co.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780720490084|page=193|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=7mKrUdOVGoaGswbe74H4Bg&hl=el&id=8mAbAAAAYAAJ&dq=caesarea+massacre+manzikert&q=%22In+the+spring+of+1067+he+invaded+the+Pontus+and+penetrated+as+far+as+Caesarea+in+Cappadocia+which+he+demolished%22#search_anchor|quote=In the spring of 1067 he invaded the Pontus and penetrated as far as Caesarea in Cappadocia which he demolished}} 19. ^Speros Vryonis, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/39065646/Vryonis-Decline-of-Medieval-Hellinism-in-Asia-Minor The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025320/https://www.scribd.com/doc/39065646/Vryonis-Decline-of-Medieval-Hellinism-in-Asia-Minor |date=2017-02-02 }} (University of California Press, 1971), p. 155 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualani.org/kayseri-houses/index.htm|title=Armenian Architecture – VirtualANI – The Traditional Houses of Kayseri|first=|last=www.virtualani.org|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523214837/http://www.virtualani.org/kayseri-houses/index.htm|archivedate=2007-05-23|df=}} 21. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190116183201/https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=KAYSERI| archivedate = 16 January 2019| url = https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=KAYSERI| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service| language = Turkish| accessdate = 16 January 2019}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Turkey/Kayseri/climate-profile.aspx?month=12 |title=December Climate History for Kayseri | Local | Turkey |publisher=Myweather2.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320075523/http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Turkey/Kayseri/climate-profile.aspx?month=12 |archivedate=2012-03-20 |df= }} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kayser.com.tr/en/nasil-yararlanilir.php|title=KAYSER -Kayseri Serbest Bölgesi|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131205060848/http://www.kayser.com.tr/en/nasil-yararlanilir.php|archivedate=2013-12-05|df=}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=69 |title=Chronology of all ESI publications – Reports – ESI |publisher=Esiweb.org |date=2005-09-19 |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603224142/http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=69 |archivedate=2012-06-03 |df= }} 25. ^{{cite web |author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/kayseri.htm |title=Kayseri – LookLex Encyclopaedia |publisher=I-cias.com |date=2005-10-17 |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802015750/http://www.i-cias.com/e.o/kayseri.htm |archivedate=2012-08-02 |df= }} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://mostar.ba/gradovi-prijatelji-101.html|title=Mostar Gradovi prijatelji|accessdate=2017-02-21|work=Grad Mostar [Mostar Official City Website]|language=Bosnian|trans-title=Mostar Twin Towns|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106154942/http://mostar.ba/gradovi-prijatelji-101.html|archivedate=2013-11-06|deadurl=yes|df=}} 27. ^http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/15-Jan-2010/Punjab-Turkey-sign-four-MoUs{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links{{Wikivoyage|Kayseri}}{{Commons category|Kayseri}}{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Kaisarieh}}{{refbegin}}
6 : Kayseri|Archaeological sites in Central Anatolia|Cappadocia|Cities in Turkey|Roman sites in Turkey|Districts of Kayseri Province |
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