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词条 Kazakh language
释义

  1. Geographic distribution

  2. Writing system

  3. Phonology

     Consonants  Vowels 

  4. Morphology and syntax

      Pronouns   Tense, aspect and mood 

  5. Annotated text with gloss

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Infobox language
| name = Kazakh
| altname = Kazak
| nativename = {{lang|kk|қазақша}} or {{lang|kk|қазақ тілі}}
{{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاقشا}} or {{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاق تئلئ}}
qazaqşa or qazaq tili
| pronunciation = {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈɕɑ|}}
{{IPA-kk|qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ|}}
| states = Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Germany
| region = Turkestan, Dzungaria, Anatolia, Khorasan, Fergana Valley
| speakers = 11.7 million[1]
| date = 2009
|ethnicity=Kazakhs
| speakers2 = 21 million
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = Turkic
| fam2 = Common Turkic
| fam3 = Kipchak
| fam4 = Kipchak–Nogai
| script = Kazakh alphabets (Latin, Cyrillic script, Arabic script, Kazakh Braille)
| nation = {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
{{Flag|Russia}}
  • {{Flag|Altai Republic}}[2]
{{Flag|China}}
  • Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture

| agency = Kazakh language agency
| iso1 = kk
| iso2 = kaz
| iso3 = kaz
| lingua = 44-AAB-cc
| map = File:Idioma kazajo.png
| mapcaption = The Kazakh-speaking world: {{Legend|#0080FF|regions where Kazakh is the language of the majority}} {{Legend|#88C4FF|regions where Kazakh is the language of a significant minority}}
| notice = IPA
| glotto = kaza1248
| glottorefname = Kazakh
}}

Kazakh or Kazak (Cyrillic: {{lang|kk|қазақша|italic=no}} or {{lang|kk|қазақ тілі|italic=no}}; Arabic: {{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاقشا}} or {{rtl-lang|kk-Arab|قازاق تئلئ}}; {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈɕɑ|pron}}, {{IPA-kk|qɑˈzɑq tɪˈlɪ|}}), belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. Kazakh is the official language of the Republic of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, China and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of Mongolia. Kazakh is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs through the former Soviet Union (approximately 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian Census), Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey and Germany.

Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and it employs vowel harmony.

In October 2017, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the government would transition from using Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet by 2025.[3] President Nazarbayev signed on February 19, 2018 an amendment to the decree of October 26, 2017 No. 569 "On translating the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin script."[4] The amended alphabet uses Sh and Ch for the Kazakh sounds "Ш" and "Ч" and eliminates the use of apostrophes.[5]

Geographic distribution

The Kazakh language (often called Qazaqsa) has its speakers (mainly Kazakhs) spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook[5] on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers).[6]

In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang.[7]

Writing system

{{Main|Kazakh alphabets}}

The oldest known written records of languages closely related to Kazakh were written in the Old Turkic alphabet, though it is not believed that any of these varieties were direct predecessors of Kazakh.[9] Modern Kazakh, going back approximately one thousand years, was written in the Arabic script until 1929, when Soviet authorities introduced a Latin-based alphabet, and then a Cyrillic in 1940.[8] In presenting a strategic plan in April 2017, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev described the twentieth century as a period in which the "Kazakh language and culture have been devastated".[8]

Nazarbayev ordered Kazakh authorities to create a Latin Kazakh alphabet by the end of 2017, so written Kazakh could return to a Latin script starting in 2018.[9][10] {{As of|2018}}, Kazakh is written in Cyrillic in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, Kazakh is written in Latin in Kazakhstan, while more than one million Kazakh speakers in China use an Arabic-derived alphabet similar to the one that is used to write Uyghur.[9]

On October 26, 2017, Nazarbayev issued Presidential Decree 569 for the change to a finalized Latin variant of the Kazakh alphabet and ordered that the government's transition to this alphabet be completed by 2025,[11][12] a decision taken to emphasise Kazakh culture after the era of Soviet rule[13] and to facilitate the use of digital devices.[14] But the initial decision to use a novel orthography employing apostrophes, which make the use of many popular tools for searching and writing text difficult, has generated controversy.[15]

The alphabet was revised the following year by Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018 and the use of apostrophes was discontinued and replaced with the use of diacritics and digraphs.[16][17]

Nazarbayev first brought up the topic of using the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet as the official script for Kazakh in Kazakhstan in October 2006.[18][19] A Kazakh government study released in September 2007 said that a switch to a Latin script over a 10- to 12-year period was feasible, at a cost of $300 million.[20] The transition was halted temporarily on December 13, 2007, with President Nazarbayev declaring: "For 70 years the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation."[21] However, on January 30, 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Mukhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography in order to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language.[22]

However, many citizens state that the officially introduced alphabet needs lots of improvements and changes. Moreover, Kazakh becomes the only Turkic language which will be using Sh, Ch, after the intentions of the Uzbek government to abandon the Sh, Ch digraphs due to its impracticality.

Cyrillic scriptArabic script"Resmı nusqa 3.0" Latin script"Kazinform" Latin script"Kazak Grammar" Latin scriptEnglish translation
Барлық адамдар тумасынан азат және қадыр-қасиеті мен құқтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс.{{Script/Arabic|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.|style=font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1; -webkit-font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;}}Barlyq adamdar týmasynan azat jáne qadyr-qasıeti men quqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis.Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis.Barlık adamdar tuwmasınan azat jäne kadır-kasiyeti men kukıktarı teń bolıp düniyege keledi. Adamdarga akıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıktan olar bir-birimen tuwıstık, bawırmaldık karım-katınas jasawları tiyis.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Phonology

Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony, with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography.

Consonants

The following chart depicts the consonant inventory of standard Kazakh;[23] many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loan-words. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. The phonemes {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} and {{IPA|/x/}} only occur in recent borrowings, mostly from Russian.

In the table, the elements left of a divide are voiceless, while those to the right are voiced.

Kazakh consonant phonemes[24]
LabialsAlveolar(Alveolo-)
palatal		VelarUvular
Nasal{{IPA|m}} {{angle bracket|м/m}}{{IPA|n}} {{angle bracket|н/n}}{{IPA|ŋ}} {{angle bracket|ң/ń}}
Stopp}} {{angle bracket|п/p}}b}} {{angle bracket|б/b}}t}} {{angle bracket|т/t}}d}} {{angle bracket|д/d}}tɕ}} {{angbr|ч/ch}}k}} {{angle bracket|к/k}}ɡ}} {{angle bracket|г/g}}q}} {{angle bracket|қ/q}}
Fricativef}} {{angle bracket|ф/f}}v}} {{angle bracket|в/v}}s}} {{angle bracket|с/s}}z}} {{angle bracket|з/z}}ɕ}} {{angle bracket|ш/sh}}ʑ}} {{angbr|җ/j}}x}} {{angle bracket|х/h}}ʁ}} {{angle bracket|ғ/ǵ}}
Approximant{{IPA|l}} {{angle bracket|л/l}}{{IPA|j}} {{angle bracket|й/ı}}{{IPA|w}} {{angle bracket|у/ý}}
Rhotic{{IPA|ɾ}} {{angle bracket|р/r}}

Vowels

Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and {{IPA|/æ/}} generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the {{IPA|/æ/}} sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.[25]

According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009|reason=No reference given for 'Vajda'; why complicate things with ±RTR, which seems to be applied here mostly just because it is a fashionable feature in phonology}}

Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.

Kazakh vowel phonemes
Front
(−RTR)		Central
(0RTR)		Back
(+RTR)
Closeɪ}} {{angle bracket|і/i}}ʉ}} {{angle bracket|ү/ú}}ʊ}} {{angle bracket|ұ/u}}
Diphthongjɪ}} {{angle bracket|е/e}}əj}} {{angle bracket|и/í}}ʊw}} {{angle bracket|у/ý}}
Mide}} {{angle bracket|э/e}}ə}} {{angle bracket|ы/y}}o}} {{angle bracket|о/o}}
Openæ}} {{angle bracket|ә/á}}œ}} {{angle bracket|ө/ó}}ɑ}} {{angle bracket|а/a}}
Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation
FrontBack
unroundedroundedunroundedrounded
Closeɪ}} {{angle bracket|і/i}}ʉ}} {{angle bracket|ү/ü}}ə}} {{angle bracket|ы/ı}}ʊ}} {{angle bracket|ұ/u}}
Opene}} {{angle bracket|э/e}} / {{IPAlink|æ}} {{angle bracket|ә/ä}}œ̝}} {{angle bracket|ө/ö}}ɑ}} {{angle bracket|а/a}}o}} {{angle bracket|о/o}}

Morphology and syntax

Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization.[26] Inflectional and derivational morphology, both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in the form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language.[27]

Declension of nouns[27]
CaseMorphemePossible formsкеме "ship"ауа "air"шелек "bucket"сәбіз "carrot"бас "head"тұз "salt"
Nom ——кемеауашелексәбізбастұз
Acc -nı-ні, -ны, -ді, -ды, -ті, -ты, -нкеменіауанышелектісәбіздібастытұзды
Gen -nıń-нің, -ның, -дің, -дың, -тің, -тыңкеменіңауаныңшелектіңсәбіздіңбастыңтұздың
Dat -ga-ге, -ға, -ке, -қа, -не, -накемегеауағашелеккесәбізгебасқатұзға
Loc -da-де, -да, -те, -такемедеауадашелектесәбіздебастатұзда
Abl -dan-ден, -дан, -тен, -тан, -нен, -нанкемеденауаданшелектенсәбізденбастантұздан
Inst -men-мен(ен) -бен(ен) -пен(ен)кемеменауаменшелекпенсәбізбенбаспентұзбен

Pronouns

Kazakh has eight personal pronouns:

Personal pronouns[27]
SingularPlural
Kazakh (transliteration)EnglishKazakh (transliteration)English
Мен (Men)IБіз (Biz)We
Сен (Sen)You (informal)Сіз (Siz)You (plural and singular formal)
Ол (Ol)He/She/ItОлар (Olar)They

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сіз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.[27]

Declension of pronouns[27]
Nomменсенолбізсізолар
Accменісеніоныбіздісіздіоларды
Genменіңсеніңоныңбіздіңсіздіңолардың
Datмағансағаноғанбізгесізгеоларға
Locмендесендеондабіздесіздеоларда
Ablмененсененоданбізденсізденолардан
Instменіменсеніменоныменбізбенсізбенолармен

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.[27]

Morphemes indicating person[27]
pronounscopulaspossessive endingspast/conditional
1st sgмен-mın-(ı)m-(ı)m
2nd sgсен-sıń-(ı)ń-(ı)ń
3rd sgол-dır——
1st plбіз-mız-(ı)mız-(ı)k
2nd sng formal & plсіз-sız-(ı)ńız-(ı)nız
3rd plолар-dır——

Tense, aspect and mood

Kazakh may express different combinations of tense, aspect and mood through the use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs, many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries "отыр" (sit), "тұр" (stand), "жүр" (go) and "жат" (lie), encode various shades of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару (go) and келу (come) may not combine with "отыр". Any verb, however, can combine with "жат" (lie) to get a progressive tense meaning.[27]

Progressive aspect in the present tense[27]
KazakhAspectEnglish translation
Men jeyminnon-progressive"I (will) eat [every day]."
Men jeudeminprogressive"I am eating [right now]."
Men jep otırmınprogressive/durative"I am [sitting and] eating." / "I have been eating."
Men jep turmınprogressive/punctual"I am [in the middle of] eating [this very minute]."
Men jep jürminhabitual"I eat [lunch, everyday]"

While it is possible to think that different categories of aspect govern the choice of auxiliary, it is not so straightforward in Kazakh. Auxiliaries are internally sensitive to the lexical semantics of predicates, for example, verbs describing motion:[27]

Selectional restrictions on Kazakh auxiliaries[27]
KazakhGlossAuxiliary UsedEnglish translation
Суда балық жүзедіSuw-da balıq jüz-e-diwater-LOC fish swim-PRES-3∅

(present/future tense used)

"Fish swim in water"

(general statement)

Суда балық жүзудеSuw-da balık jüz-udewater-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3жат－ to lie, general marker for

progressive aspect.

"The/A fish is swimming in the water"
Суда балық жүзіп жүрSuw-da balık jüz-ip jürwater-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3жүр – "go", dynamic/habitual/iterative"The fish is swimming [as it always does] in the water"
Суда балық жүзіп тұрSuw-da balık jüz-ip turwater-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3тұр – "stand", progressive marker to show

the swimming is punctual

"The fish is swimming in the water"
* Суда балық жүзіп отырSuw-da balık jüz-ip otırwater-LOC fish swim-CNVB AUX.3отыр – "sit", ungrammatical in

this sentence, отыр can only be used

for verbs that are stative in nature

*The fish has been swimmingNot a possible sentence of Kazakh

In addition to the complexities of the progressive tense, there are many auxiliary-converb pairs that encode a range of aspectual, modal, volitional, evidential and action- modificational meanings. For example, the pattern -ып көру, with the auxiliary verb көру (see), indicates that the subject of the verb attempted or tried to do something (compare the Japanese てみる temiru construction).[27]

Annotated text with gloss

From "Meniń Qazaqstanym" ("My Kazakhstan"), the national anthem of Kazakhstan:

Менің ҚазақстанымMen-iń Qazaqstan-ymMy Kazakhstan
Алтын күн аспаныAltyn kún aspan-yThe golden sun in the sky
[ɑltən kʉn ɑspɑˈnə]}}gold sun sky-3.POSS
Алтын дән даласыAltyn dán dala-syThe golden corn of the steppe
[altən dæn dɑlɑˈsə]}}gold corn steppe-3.POSS
Ерліктің дастаныErlik-tiń dastan-yThe legend of courage
[erlɘkˈtɘŋ dɑstɑˈnə]}}courage legend-GEN epic-3.POSS-NOM
Еліме қарашы!El-im-e qara-shyJust look at my country!
[ɘlɘˈmʲe qɑrɑˈʃə]}}country-1SG.ACC look-IMP
Ежелден ер дегенEjel-den er de-genCalled heroes since time immemorial
[ɘʑʲɘlˈdʲen ɘr dʲɪˈɡʲen]}}antiquity-ABL hero say-PTCP.PST
Даңқымыз шықты ғойDańq-ymyz shyq-ty ǵoıOur glory, emerged!
[dɑɴqəˈməz ʃəqˈtə ʁoj]}}glory-1PL.POSS.NOM emerge-PST.3 EMPH
Намысын бермегенNamys-yn ber-me-genWithout losing their honor
[nɑməˈsən bʲermʲeˈɡʲen]}}honor-3.POSS-ACC give-NEG-PTCP.PST
Қазағым мықты ғойQazaǵ-ym myqty ǵoıMighty are my Kazakh people!
[qɑzɑˈʁəm məqˈtə ʁoj]}}Kazakh-1SG.POSS strong EMPH
Менің елім, менің елімMen-iń el-im, meniń el-imMy country, my country
[mʲɘˈnɘŋ ɘˈlɪm, mʲɘˈnɘŋ ɘˈlɪm]}}1SG.GEN my country (2x)-1SG.NOM
Гүлің болып, егілемінGúl-iń bol-yp, eg-il-e-minAs your flower, I am rooted in you
[ɡʉˈlɘŋ boˈləp, ɘɡɘlʲɘˈmɪn]}}flower-2SG.NOM be-CNVB, root-PASS-PRES-1SG
Жырың болып төгілемін, елімJyr-yń bol-yp, tóg-il-e-min, el-imAs your song, I will be sung abound
[ʒəˈrəŋ boˈləp tœɡɪlˈʲɘmɪn, ɘˈlɪm]}}song-2SG.NOM be-CNVB, sing-PASS-PRES-1SG, country-1SG.POSS.NOM
Туған жерім менің – ҚазақстанымTý-ǵan jer-im meniń – Qazaqstan-ymMy native land – My Kazakhstan
[tuwˈʁan ʒeˈrɪm mʲɘnɘŋ qɑzɑqˈstɑnəm]}}birth-PTCP-PST place-1SG.POSS.NOM 1SG.GEN – Kazakhstan-1SG.POSS.NOM

See also

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Languages}}
  • BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh
  • Turkic languages
  • Kazakh literature
  • Languages of Kazakhstan

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Results of the 2009 national population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan|url=http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/download/attachments/64881183/Kaz2009%20Analytical%20report.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1330590038432&api=v2|website=The agency on statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan|language=en|access-date=1 November 2017}}.
2. ^{{cite web|url = http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/legislation_RF/printable.php?do4=document&id4=d2599158-01ed-47a8-8227-3057d6dbed48|title = Нормативные правовые акты субъектов Российской Федерации|language = RU|trans-title = Normative legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation|date = December 19, 2013|publisher = Министе́рство юсти́ции Росси́йской Федера́ции|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163436/http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/legislation_RF/printable.php?do4=document&id4=d2599158-01ed-47a8-8227-3057d6dbed48|dead-url = yes|archive-date = September 25, 2015|accessdate = February 19, 2016}}
3. ^{{Cite news |url= http://www.dw.com/en/kazakhstan-to-change-from-cyrillic-to-latin-alphabet/a-41147396 |title= Kazakhstan to change from Cyrillic to Latin alphabet {{!}} DW |date= 2017-10-27 |work= Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com) |access-date= 2018-03-28 |language= en}}
4. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/kazakhstan-changing-russian-alphabet-812178 |title=This Country Is Changing Its Stalin-imposed Alphabet After 80 Years |agency=Newsweek}}
5. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html|title = Central Asia: Kazakhstan|date = October 26, 2017|accessdate = October 31, 2017|work = The 2017 World Factbook|publisher = Central Intelligence Agency|dead-url = no|archive-date = October 30, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030062537/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html}}
6. ^Map showing the geographical diffusion of the Kazakh and other Turkish languages
7. ^{{cite book|chapter-url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kaz|chapter = Kazakh|title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition = 20th|location = Dallas, Texas|publisher = SIL International|editor1-last = Simons|editor1-first = Gary F.|editor2-first = Charles D.|editor2-last = Fennig|year = 2017|accessdate = October 28, 2017}}
8. ^1 {{cite news|newspaper = Egemen Qazaqstan|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|accessdate = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|authorlink = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|dead-url = no|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = Kazakh}}
9. ^{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=April 12, 2017|accessdate=October 30, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|dead-url = no|archive-date = July 6, 2017}}
10. ^{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-change-a-countrys-alphabet/28491505.html|title = From Я to R: How To Change A Country's Alphabet -- And How Not To|work = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date = May 16, 2017|accessdate = May 18, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170523220838/https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-change-a-countrys-alphabet/28491505.html|archive-date = May 23, 2017|dead-url = no}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = President of the Republic of Kazakhstan|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171027180526/http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|accessdate = October 26, 2017|archive-date = October 27, 2017|dead-url = no}}
12. ^{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41800186|title = Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?|date = October 31, 2017|work = BBC News|accessdate = October 31, 2017|first1 = Andreas|last1 = Illmer|first2 = Elbek|last2 = Daniyarov|first3 = Azim|last3 = Rakhimov|dead-url = no|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100824/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41800186|archive-date = October 31, 2017}}
13. ^{{cite news|title = Nazarbayev Signs Decree On Kazakh Language Switch To Latin-Based Alphabet|work = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/nazarbaev-signs-language-decree-latin-cyrillic/28819174.html|date = October 27, 2017|accessdate = October 30, 2017|dead-url = no|archive-date = October 27, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171027151302/https://www.rferl.org/a/nazarbaev-signs-language-decree-latin-cyrillic/28819174.html}}
14. ^{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|title = Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 26 October 2017|accessdate = 30 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028001847/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|archive-date = October 28, 2017|dead-url = no|via = Reuters}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/world/asia/kazakhstan-alphabet-nursultan-nazarbayev.html|title=Kazakhstan Cheers New Alphabet, Except for All Those Apostrophes|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2018/02/kazakhstan-adopts-new-version-of-latin-based-kazakh-alphabet/ |title=Kazakhstan adopts new version of Latin-based Kazakh alphabet|website=The Astana Times|date=26 February 2018}}
17. ^1 Decree No. 637 of February 19, 2018
18. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11612625|title = Kazakhstan switching to Latin alphabet|dead-url = yes|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231557/http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11612625|archive-date = September 30, 2007|date = October 30, 2006|work = Interfax}}
19. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/f279f7ea-af3d-4a71-a457-347fbbb11591.html|title = Kazakh President Revives Idea of Switching to Latin Script|date = October 24, 2006|accessdate = October 30, 2017|work = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170307102821/https://www.rferl.org/a/1072251.html|dead-url = no|archive-date = March 7, 2017}}
20. ^{{cite news|title = Kazakhstan: Moving Forward With Plan to Replace Cyrillic With Latin Alphabet|url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090407.shtml|date = September 3, 2007|first = Paul|last = Bartlett|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512125459/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090407.shtml|archive-date = May 12, 2008|dead-url = no|accessdate = October 30, 2017|work = EurasiaNet}}
21. ^{{cite news||title = Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev|work = Kazinform|date = December 13, 2007|postscript = ,}} cited in {{cite web|title = Kazakhstan backtracks on move from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet?|date = December 14, 2007|accessdate = October 30, 2017|url = http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929210213/http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/|archive-date = September 29, 2014|dead-url = no|website = Pinyin News}}
22. ^{{cite news|title = Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK|dead-url = no|url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711|accessdate = September 17, 2015|work = Kazinform|date = January 30, 2015|archive-date = February 19, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711}}
23. ^Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e.g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current Uyghur alphabet is used) is read {{IPA|[ʑ]}} in standard Kazakh, but {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} in some places.
24. ^{{citation|last=Vajda|first=Edward|editor-last1=Kaplan|editor-first1=E.|editor-last2=Whisenhunt|editor-first2=D.|year=1994|chapter=Kazakh phonology|title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz|place=Washington|publisher=Western Washington|pages=603–650}}
25. ^{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Kazakh|last=Wagner|first=John Doyle|last2=Dotton|first2=Zura|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
26. ^Beltranslations.com
27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{Cite book|last=Mukhamedova|first=Raikhangul |title=Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317573081}}

Further reading

  • {{citation

|last=Kara
|first=Dávid Somfai
|title=Kazak
|year=2002
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=9783895864704
}}
  • Mark Kirchner: "Kazakh and Karakalpak". In: The Turkic languages. Ed. by Lars Johanson and É. Á. Csató. London [u.a.] : Routledge, 1998. (Routledge language family descriptions). S.318-332.

External links

{{InterWiki|code=kk}}{{Wikivoyage|Kazakh phrasebook|Kazakh|a phrasebook}}
  • Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (new) converter
  • Kazakh Cyrillic–Latin (old)–Arabic converter
  • Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709223643/http://www.und.edu/dept/linguistics/theses/2003Kuzhabekova.PDF Aliya S. Kuzhabekova, "Past, Present and Future of Language Policy in Kazakhstan"] (M.A. thesis, University of North Dakota, 2003)
  • Russian–Kazakh Kazakh–Russian dictionary
  • Kazakh language recordings, British Library
  • Kazakh - Apertium
  • Kazakh<>Turkish Dictionary
  • [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html Kazakhstan] in the CIA World Factbook
  • US Peace Corps Kazakh Language Courses transcribed to HTML
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