| 词条 | Kazimierz Twardowski |
| 释义 |
| name = Kazimierz Twardowski | image = Kazimierz Twardowski 1933.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1866|10|20|df=y}} | birth_place = Vienna, Austrian Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1938|02|11|1866|10|20|df=y}} | death_place = Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine) | nationality = Polish | fields = Philosophy Logic | workplaces = Lwów University | alma_mater = University of Vienna (Ph.D., 1891) | thesis_title = Über den Unterschied zwischen der klaren und deutlichen Perzeption und der klaren und deutlichen Idee bei Descartes (On the difference between clear and distinct perception and between clear and distinct ideas in Descartes) | thesis_url = | thesis_year = 1891 | doctoral_advisor = Robert von Zimmermann | academic_advisors = Franz Brentano | doctoral_students = Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz Stefan Banach Tadeusz Kotarbiński Stanisław Leśniewski Jan Łukasiewicz | influences = Bernard Bolzano[1][2] Benno Kerry[1] | influenced = Roman Ingarden[3] George Stout[4] | known_for = Establishing the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic | awards = }} Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski (20 October 1866 – 11 February 1938) was a Polish philosopher, logician, and rector of the Lwów University. LifeTwardowski's family belonged to the Ogończyk coat of arms. Twardowski studied philosophy in Vienna with Franz Brentano and Robert Zimmermann. In 1892 he received his doctorate with his dissertation, Idee und Perzeption (Idea and Perception), and in 1894 he presented his habilitation thesis, Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen (On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations). He originated many novel ideas related to metaphilosophy. He lectured in Vienna in the years 1894–95, then was appointed professor at Lwów (Lemberg in Austrian Galicia, now Lviv in the Ukraine). An outstanding lecturer, he was also a rector of the Lwów University during World War I. There Twardowski established the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic and also became the "father of Polish logic", beginning the tradition of scientific philosophy in Poland. Among his students were the logicians Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz and Tadeusz Czeżowski, the historian of philosophy Władysław Tatarkiewicz, the phenomenologist and aesthetician Roman Ingarden, as well as philosophers close to the Vienna Circle such as Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. WorkIn his On the Content and Object of Presentations, Twardowski argues for a distinction between content and object in the frame of the theory of intentionality of his teacher Franz Brentano. According to him the mind is divided in two main areas: acts or mental phenomena, and a physical phenomenon. For example, an act of presentation is aimed at a presentation. This is what he called ‘intentionality’, aboutness. Every act is about something, but also every presentation goes together with an act of presentation. This theory suffers from the problem that it is not clear what the presentation exactly is. Is the presentation something only in the mind, or is it also in the world as object? Twardowski says that sometimes presentation is used for the object in the world and sometimes for the immanent content of a mental phenomena.[5] Twardowski offers a solution for this problem and proposes to make a distinction between the content of a presentation and the object of a presentation. In his book Twardowski offers an analogy to clarify this distinction. He uses the example of a painting.[6] People say of a landscape that it is painted, but also of a painting that it is painted. In the first case the word ‘painting’ is used in a modifying way (a painted landscape is not a landscape at all), while in the latter case the word painting is used in a qualitative or attributive way. Twardowski argues that presentations are similar. The content is the painted painting and the object is the painted landscape. The content resembles the present ‘picture’ in one's mind, and the object the landscape. BibliographyWorks in German and Polish
Translations
See also
Notes1. ^1 Maria van der Schaar 2015, p. 53. 2. ^Simons 2013, p. 15. 3. ^Wolfgang Huemer, "Husserl's critique of psychologism and his relation to the Brentano school", in: Arkadiusz Chrudzimski and Wolfgang Huemer (eds.), Phenomenology and Analysis: Essays on Central European Philosophy, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. 210. 4. ^Liliana Albertazzi, Immanent Realism: An Introduction to Brentano, Springer, 2006, p. 321. 5. ^Twardowski (1894), Kazimierz, Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen – Eine psychologische Untersuchung, Vienna: Philosophia Verlag, 1982, p. 4 6. ^Twardowski (1894), p. 13 7. ^"On the difference between clear and distinct perception and between clear and distinct ideas in Descartes." Also translated as "Idea and Perception—An Epistemological Investigation of Descartes." References
External links
11 : 1866 births|1938 deaths|People from Vienna|Polish logicians|Polish philosophers|Members of the Lwów Scientific Society|University of Lviv alumni|19th-century philosophers|20th-century philosophers|University of Vienna alumni|University of Lviv rectors |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。