1. Background
    Immediate causes 

2. Events
    Initial demonstrations  Escalation and spread  Casualties and damage  After 5 July 

3. Reactions and response
    Domestic reaction  Communications black-out  Government  Internet response  International reactions  International organisations  Countries  Other organisations  Media coverage 

4. Aftermath and long-term impact
    Arrests and trials  Later unrest and security measures  Legislation and investigation  Public services and Internet access 

5. References

6. External links

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The July 2009 Ürümqi riots^[1] were a series of violent riots over several days that broke out on 5 July 2009 in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), in northwestern People's Republic of China (PRC). The first day's rioting, which involved at least 1,000 Uyghurs,^[2] began as a protest but escalated into violent attacks that mainly targeted Han Chinese people. China's People's Armed Police were deployed, and two days later hundreds of Han people clashed with both police and Uyghurs. PRC officials said that a total of 197 people died, among those killed most of them are Hans,^[3] with 1,721 others injured^[4] and many vehicles and buildings destroyed; however, Uyghur exile groups say the death toll is higher. Many men disappeared during wide-scale police sweeps in the days following the riots; Human Rights Watch (HRW) documented 43 cases^[5] and said figures for real disappearances were likely to be much higher.^[6]

Rioting began when the police confronted the march calling for a full investigation into the Shaoguan incident, a brawl in southern China several days earlier in which two Uyghurs had been killed.^[7] However, observers disagree on what caused the protests to become violent. The PRC central government alleged that the riots themselves were planned from abroad by the World Uyghur Congress (WUC) and its leader Rebiya Kadeer,^[19][8] while Kadeer denies fomenting the violence in her fight for Uyghur "self-determination."^[9] Uyghur exile groups claim that the escalation was caused by the police's use of excessive force.^[2][3]

Chinese media coverage of the Ürümqi riots was extensive, and was compared favourably to that of the unrest in Tibet in 2008.^[24] When the riots began, telephone and internet connections with Xinjiang were cut off. In the weeks that followed, official sources reported that over 1,000 Uyghurs were arrested and detained;^[10] Uyghur-run mosques were temporarily closed.^[26] The communication limitations^[10] and armed police presence remained in place as of January 2010.^[28] By November 2009, over 400 individuals faced criminal charges for their actions during the riots.^[11] Nine were executed in November 2009,^[30] and by February 2010, at least 26 had received death sentences.^[31]

Background

Xinjiang is a large central-Asian region within the People's Republic of China comprising numerous minority groups: 45% of its population are Uyghurs, and 40% are Han.^[11] Its heavily industrialised capital, Ürümqi, has a population of more than 2.3 million, about 75% of whom are Han, 12.8% are Uyghur, and 10% are from other ethnic groups.^[11]

In general, Uyghurs and the mostly Han government disagree on which group has greater historical claim to the Xinjiang region: Uyghurs believe their ancestors were indigenous to the area, whereas government policy considers present-day Xinjiang to have belonged to China since around 200 BC.^[34] According to PRC policy, Uyghurs are classified as a National Minority rather than an indigenous group—in other words, they are considered to be no more indigenous to Xinjiang than the Han, and have no special rights to the land under the law.^[34] The People's Republic has presided over the migration into Xinjiang of millions of Han, who dominate the region economically and politically.^{[36][12][13][14]}

At the start of the 19th century, 40 years after the Qing reconquest of the area, there were around 155,000 Han and Hui Chinese in northern Xinjiang and somewhat more than twice that number of Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang.^[15] A census of Xinjiang under Qing rule in the early 19th century tabulated ethnic shares of the population as 30% Han and 60% Turkic, while it dramatically shifted to 6% Han and 75% Uyghur in the 1953 census, however by 2000 the recorded population was 40.57% Han and 45.21% Uyghur.^[16] Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang. In northern Xinjiang, the Qing brought in Han, Hui, Uyghur, Xibe, and Kazakh colonists after they exterminated the Zunghar Oirat Mongols in the region, with one third of Xinjiang's total population consisting of Hui and Han in the north, while around two thirds were Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang's Tarim Basin.^[17]

Although current PRC minority policy, which is based on affirmative actions, has reinforced a Uyghur ethnic identity that is distinct from the Han population,^[18][44] some scholars argue that Beijing unofficially favours a monolingual, monocultural model that is based on the majority.^[19][20] The authorities also crack down on any activity that appears to constitute separatism.^[21][22] These policies, in addition to long-standing cultural differences,^[23] have sometimes resulted in "resentments" between Uyghur and Han citizens.^[24] On one hand, as a result of Han immigration and government policies, Uyghurs' freedoms of religion and of movement are curtailed,^[25][26] while most Uyghurs argue that the government downplays their history and traditional culture.^[19] On the other hand, some Han citizens view Uyghurs as benefiting from special treatment, such as preferential admission to universities and exemption from the one-child policy,^[27] and as "harbouring separatist aspirations".^[28]

Tensions between Uyghurs and Han have resulted in waves of protest in recent years.^[29] Xinjiang has been the location of several instances of violence and ethnic clashes, such as the Ghulja Incident of 1997, the 2008 Kashgar attack, widespread unrest preceding the Olympic Games in Beijing, as well as numerous minor attacks.^[30][31]

Immediate causes

The riots took place several days after a violent incident in Shaoguan, Guangdong, where many migrant workers are employed as part of a programme to alleviate labour shortages. According to state media, a disgruntled former worker disseminated rumours in late June that two Han women had been raped by six Uyghur men.^[7][32] Official sources later said they found no evidence to support the rape allegation.^[33] Overnight on 25–26 June, tensions at the Guangdong factory led to a full-blown ethnic brawl between Uyghurs and Hans, during which two Uyghur co-workers were killed.^[34] Exiled Uyghur leaders alleged the death toll was much higher.^[63] While the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the person responsible for spreading the rumours had been arrested, Uyghurs alleged that the authorities had failed to protect the Uyghur workers, or to arrest any of the Han people involved in the killings.^[35] They organised a street protest in Ürümqi on 5 July to voice their discontent^[7][36] and to demand a full government investigation.^[37]

At some point the demonstration became violent. A government statement called the riots a "pre-empted, organised violent crime [...] instigated and directed from abroad, and carried out by outlaws."^[68] Nur Bekri, chairman of the Xinjiang regional government, said on 6 July that overseas separatist forces had taken advantage of the Shaoguan incident "to instigate Sunday's unrest and undermine the ethnic unity and social stability".^[38] The government blamed the exiled independence group World Uyghur Congress (WUC) for coordinating and instigating the riots over the internet.^[38] Government sources blamed the WUC leader Rebiya Kadeer in particular, citing her public speeches after the Tibetan unrest and phone recordings in which she had allegedly said that something would happen in Ürümqi.^[39] Chinese authorities accused a man who they alleged to be a key WUC member of inciting ethnic tensions by circulating a violent video, and urging Uyghurs, in an online forum, to "fight back [against Hans] with violence".^[40] Jirla Isamuddin, the mayor of Ürümqi, claimed that the protesters had organised online via such services as QQ Groups.^[41] China Daily asserted that the riots were organised to fuel separatism and to benefit Middle East terrorist organisations.^[42][43] Kadeer denied fomenting the violence,^[9] and argued that the Ürümqi protests and their descent into violence were triggered by heavy policing, discontent over Shaoguan and "years of Chinese repression", rather than by the intervention of separatists or terrorists;^[44] Uyghur exile groups claimed that violence erupted when police used excessive force to disperse the crowd.^[2][3]

All parties, then, agree that the protests were organised beforehand; the main points of contention are whether the violence was planned or spontaneous,^[45] and whether the underlying tensions reflect separatist inclinations or a desire for social justice.^[37]

Events

Initial demonstrations

Demonstrations began on the evening of 5 July with a protest in the Grand Bazaar, a prominent tourist site,^[37][4] and crowd reportedly gathering at the People's Square area.^[46] The demonstration began peacefully,^[36][41] and official and eyewitness accounts reported that it involved about 1,000 Uyghurs;^[2][5][47] the WUC said approximately 10,000 protesters took part.^[2]

On 6 July, XUAR chairman Nur Bekri presented an official timeline of the previous day's events, according to which more than 200 demonstrators gathered in People's Square in Ürümqi at about 5 p.m. local time, and about 70 of their leaders were detained. Later, a crowd gathered in the mostly Uyghur areas of South Jiefang Road, Erdaoqiao, and Shanxi Alley; by 7:30 p.m., more than one thousand were gathered in front of a hospital in Shanxi Alley. At about 7:40 p.m., more than 300 people blocked the roads in the Renmin Road and Nanmen area. According to Bekri, rioters began to smash buses at 8:18 p.m., after police "controlled and dispersed" the crowd.^[48]

How the demonstrations became violent is unclear.^[49][93][50] Some say the police used excessive force against the protesters;^[49][96][51] the World Uyghur Congress quickly issued press releases saying that the police had used deadly force and killed "scores" of protesters.^[52][53] Kadeer has alleged that there were agents provocateurs among the crowds.^[54][55] Others claim that the protesters initiated the violence; for example, an Uyghur eyewitness cited by The New York Times said protesters began throwing rocks at the police.^[7] The government's official line was that the violence was not only initiated by the protesters, but also had been premeditated and coordinated by Uyghur separatists abroad.^[38][41] The local public security bureau said it found evidence that many Uyghurs had travelled from other cities to gather for the riot, and that they had begun preparing weapons two or three days before the riot.^[56]

Escalation and spread

After the confrontation with police turned violent, rioters began hurling rocks, smashing vehicles, breaking into shops, and attacking Han civilians.^[7][2] At least 1,000 Uyghurs were involved in the rioting when it began,^[2][5] and the number of rioters may have risen to as many as 3,000.^[8] Jane Macartney of The Times characterised the first day's rioting as consisting mainly of "Han stabbed by marauding gangs of Uighurs";^[111] a report in The Australian several months later suggested that religiously moderate Uyghurs may also have been attacked by rioters.^[57] Although the majority of rioters were Uyghur, not all Uyghurs were violent during the riots; there are accounts of Han and Uyghur civilians helping each other escape the violence and hide.^[58] About 1,000 police officers were dispatched; they used batons, live ammunition, tasers, tear gas and water hoses to disperse the rioters, and set up roadblocks and posted armoured vehicles throughout the city.^{[59][60][61][49]}

During a press conference, Mayor Jirla Isamuddin said that at about 8:15 p.m., some protesters started to fight and loot, overturned guardrails and smashed three buses before being dispersed.^[41] At 8:30 p.m., violence escalated around South Jiefang Road and Longquan Street area, with rioters torching police patrol cars and attacking passers-by.^[41] Soon, between 700 and 800 people went from the People's Square to Daximen and Xiaoximen area, "fighting, smashing, looting, torching and killing" along the way. At 9:30 p.m., the government received reports that three people had been killed and 26 injured, 6 of whom were police officers.^[41] Police reinforcements were dispatched to hotspots of Renmin Road, Nanmen, Tuanjie Road, Yan'An Road and South Xinhua Road. Police took control of the main roadways and commercial districts in the city at around 10 pm, but riots continued in side streets and alleyways, with Hans attacked and cars overturned or torched, according to the mayor.^[41] Police then formed small teams and "swept" the entire city for the next two days.^[41] A strict curfew was put in place;^[62] authorities imposed "comprehensive traffic control" from 9:00 pm Tuesday to 8:00 am Wednesday "to avoid further chaos".^[63]

The official news agency, Xinhua, reported that police believed agitators were trying to organise more unrest in other areas in Xinjiang, such as Aksu and the Yili Prefecture.^[64] Violent protests also sprang up in Kashgar, in southwestern Xinjiang,^[65] where the South China Morning Post reported many shops were closed, and the area around the mosque was sealed off by a People's Liberation Army platoon after confrontations. Local Uyghurs blamed the security forces for using excessive force—they "attacked the protesters and arrested 50 people".^[66] Another clash was reported near the mosque on Tuesday, 7 July, and an estimated 50 people were arrested. Up to 12,000 students at the Kashgar Teaching Institute were confined to campus since Sunday's riots, according to the Post. Many of the institute's students had apparently travelled to Ürümqi for the demonstrations there.^[67]

Casualties and damage

During the first hours of the rioting, state media only reported that three people had been killed.^[36][59][68] The number rose sharply, though, after the first night's rioting; at midday on Monday, 6 July, Xinhua announced that 129 people had died.^[69] In the following days the death toll reported by various government sources (including Xinhua and party officials) gradually grew, with the last official update on 18 July placing the tally at 197 dead,^[73][3] 1,721 injured.^[4][74] The World Uyghur Congress has claimed that the death toll was around 600.^[2]

Xinhua did not immediately disclose the ethnic breakdown of the dead,^[65] but journalists from The Times and The Daily Telegraph reported that most of the victims appeared to have been Han.^[25][75] For instance, on 10 July Xinhua stated that 137 of the dead (out of the total of 184 that was being reported at that time) were Han, 46 Uyghur, and 1 Hui.^[76] There were casualties among the rioters as well;^[49] for example, according to official accounts, a group of 12 rioters attacking civilians were shot by police.^[77][78] In the months following the riots, the government maintained that the majority of casualties were Han^[10] and hospitals said that two-thirds of the injured were Han,^[79] although the World Uyghur Congress claims that many Uyghurs were killed as well.^[80] According to the official count released by the Chinese government in August 2009, 134 of the 156 civilian victims were Han, 11 Hui, 10 Uyghur, and 1 Manchu.^[81] Uyghur advocates continue to question these figures, saying that the number of ethnic Uyghurs remains understated.^[82] Xinhua reported that 627 vehicles and 633 constructions were damaged.^[83]

The Ürümqi municipal government initially announced that it would pay ¥200,000 as compensation, plus another ¥10,000 as "funeral expense" for every "innocent death" caused by the riot.^[155] The compensation was later doubled to ¥420,000 per death.^[84] Mayor Jirla Isamuddin estimated that the compensations will cost at least ¥100 million.^[85]

After 5 July

The city remained tense while journalists invited into the city witnessed confrontational scenes between Chinese troops and Uyghurs demanding the release of family members who they said had been "arbitrarily" arrested.^[86] Uyghur women told The Daily Telegraph reporter that police entered Uyghur districts in the night of 6 July, burst through doors, pulled men and boys from their beds, and rounded up 100 suspects.^[87] By 7 July, officials reported that 1,434 suspected rioters had been arrested.^[88] A group of 200 to 300 Uyghur women assembled on 7 July to protest what they said was "indiscriminate" detention of Uyghur men; the protest led to a tense but non-violent confrontation with police forces.^[89][90] Rebiya Kadeer claimed that "nearly 10,000 people" had gone missing overnight.^[91] Human Rights Watch (HRW) later documented 43 cases of Uyghur men who disappeared after being taken away by Chinese security forces in large-scale sweeps of Uyghur neighbourhoods overnight on 6–7 July,^[82] and said that this was likely to be "just the tip of the iceberg";^[6] HRW allege that young men, mostly in their 20s, had been unlawfully arrested and have not been seen or heard from as of 20 October 2009^[82]

On 7 July, there were large-scale armed demonstrations^[92] by ethnic Han in Ürümqi.^[93] Conflicting estimates of the Han demonstrators' numbers were reported by the western media and varied from "hundreds"^[92] to as high as 10,000.^[93] The Times reported that smaller fights were frequently breaking out between Uyghurs and Hans, and that groups of Han citizens had organised to take revenge on "Uyghur mobs".^[86][93] Police used tear gas and roadblocks in an attempt to disperse the demonstration,^[94] and urged Han citizens over loudspeakers to "calm down" and "let the police do their job".^[93] Li Zhi, party chief of Ürümqi, stood on the roof of a police car with a megaphone appealing to the crowd to go home.^[87]

Mass protests had been quelled by 8 July, although sporadic violence was reported.^[95][96][97] In the days after the riots, "thousands" of people tried to leave the city, and the price for bus tickets rose as much as fivefold.^[26][98]

On 10 July, city authorities closed Ürümqi mosques "for public safety", saying it was too dangerous to have large gatherings and that holding Jumu'ah, traditional Friday prayers, could reignite tensions.^[99][100] Large crowds of Uyghurs gathered for prayer anyway, however, and police decided to let two mosques open to avoid having an "incident".^[99] After prayers at the White Mosque, several hundred people demonstrated over people detained after the riot,^[184][101] but were dispersed by riot police, with five or six people arrested.^[102]

Over 300 more people were reported arrested in early August. According to the BBC, the total number of arrests in connection with the riots was over 1,500.^[80] The Financial Times estimated that the number was higher, citing an insider saying that some 4,000 arrests had already taken place by mid July, and that Ürümqi's prisons were so full that newly arrested people were being held in a People's Liberation Army warehouse.^[103] According to the Uyghur American Association, several other Uyghur journalists and bloggers were also detained after the riots; one of them, journalist Gheyret Niyaz, was later sentenced to 15 years in prison for having spoken to foreign media.^[104] In the most high-profile case, Ilham Tohti, an ethnic Uyghur economist at Minzu University of China, was arrested two days after the riots over his criticisms of the Xinjiang government.^{[105][106][107]}

Reactions and response

Domestic reaction

Communications black-out

Mobile phone service and internet access were limited both during and after the riots. China Mobile phone service was cut "to prevent the incident from spreading further".^[108] Outbound international calls throughout Xinjiang were blocked,^[109][195] and Internet connections in the region had been locked down^[110][111] or non-local websites blocked. Reporting from Ürümqi's Hoi Tak Hotel on 9 July, Al Jazeera reported that the foreign journalists' hotel was the only place in the city with Internet access, although the journalist could not send text messages or place international phone calls.^[195] Many unauthorised postings on local sites and Google were removed by censors;^[82] images and video footage of the demonstrations and rioting, however, were soon found posted on Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr.^[112] Many Xinjiang-based websites became inaccessible worldwide,^[35] and internet access within Ürümqi remained restricted nearly a year following the riots;^[202] it was not restored until 14 May 2010.^[113]

Government

Chinese state-controlled television broadcast graphic footage of cars being smashed and people being beaten.^[114] Officials reiterated the party line: XUAR chairman Nur Bekri delivered a lengthy address on the situation and on the Shaoguan incident, and claimed that the government of both Guangdong and Xinjiang had dealt with the deaths of the workers properly and with respect. Bekri further condemned the riots as "premeditated and planned";^[115] Eligen Imibakhi, chairman of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang Regional People's Congress, blamed 5 July riots on "extremism, separatism and terrorism".^[116][117]

The Chinese media covered the rioting extensively.^[118] Hours after troops stopped the rioting, the state invited foreign journalists on an official fact-finding trip to Ürümqi;^[209] journalists from more than 100 media organisations were all corralled into the downtown Hoi Tak Hotel,^[109][119] sharing 30 internet connections.^[109] Journalists were given unprecedented access to troublespots and hospitals.^[120] The Financial Times referred to this handling as an improvement, compared to the "public-relations disaster" of the Tibetan unrest in 2008.^[118]

In an effort to soothe tensions immediately after the riots, state media began a mass publicity campaign throughout Xinjiang extolling ethnic harmony. Local television programmes united Uyghur and Han singers in a chorus of "We are all part of the same family"; Uygurs who "acted heroically" during the riots were profiled; loud-hailer trucks blasted slogans in the streets. A common slogan warned against the "three forces" of terrorism, separatism and extremism.^[121]

President Hu Jintao curtailed his attendance of the G8 summit in Italy,^[62][122] convened an emergency meeting of the Politburo, and dispatched Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang to Xinjiang to "guid[e] stability-preservation work in Xinjiang".^[123] South China Morning Post reported a government source saying Beijing would re-evaluate the impact on arrangements for the country's forthcoming 60th anniversary celebrations in October.^[124] Guangdong's CPC Provincial Committee Secretary, Wang Yang, noted that the government policies towards ethnic minorities "definitely need adjustments", otherwise "there will be some problems."^[125] A security planner said the authorities planned to fly in more troops from other stations to raise the number of armed police presence to 130,000 before the 60th anniversary celebrations in October.^[103]

After the riots, the Chinese government exercised diplomatic pressure on nations that Rebiya Kadeer was scheduled to visit. In late July, India declined Kadeer a visa "on the advice of Beijing",^[126] and Beijing summoned the Japanese ambassador in protest of a trip Kadeer made to Japan.^[127][224] When Kadeer visited Australia in August to promote a film about her life, China officially complained to the Australian government and asked for the film to be withdrawn.^[128]

Internet response

The response to the riots on the Chinese blogosphere was markedly more varied than the official response. Despite blocks and censorship, Internet watchers monitored continued attempts by netizens to publish their own thoughts on the causes of the incident or vent their anger about the violence. While some bloggers were supportive of the government, others were more reflective of the event's cause.^[129] On numerous forums and news sites, government workers quickly removed comments about the riots.^[129][130] Common themes were calls for punishment for those responsible; some posts evoked the name of Wang Zhen, the general who is respected by Hans and other minorities, and feared by many Uyghurs for repression after the communist takeover of Xinjiang in 1949.^[129]

International reactions

International organisations

• United Nations: Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urged all sides to exercise restraint,^[131] and called on China to take measures to protect the civilian population as well as respect the freedoms of citizens, including freedom of speech, assembly and information.^[132] Human rights chief Navi Pillay said she was "alarmed" over the high death toll, noting this was an "extraordinarily high number of people to be killed and injured in less than a day of rioting."^[133][134] She also said China must treat detainees humanely in a way that adheres to international norms.^[135]
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: said it sympathised with the family members of those innocent people killed in the riot; it said that its member states regard Xinjiang as an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China and believe the situation in Xinjiang is purely China's internal affairs.^[136] Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov condemned rioters for "Using separatist slogans and provoking ethnic intolerance.^[137] Officials from both neighbouring Kazakhstan^[138] and Kyrgyzstan said they were braced for "an influx of refugees" and tightened border controls.^[139][140] Despite the Kazakh government support, over 5,000 Uyghurs protested on 19 July in former capital Almaty against Chinese police use of deadly force against the rioters.^[141]
• Organisation of the Islamic Conference: decried the "disproportionate use of force", calling on Beijing to "bring those responsible to justice swiftly" and urging China to find a solution to the unrest by examining why it had erupted.^[142]
• European Union: leaders expressed concern, and urged the Chinese government to show restraint in dealing with the protests:^[143][144] German Chancellor Angela Merkel urged respect for the rights of minorities;^[244] Italian President Giorgio Napolitano brought up human rights at a press conference with Hu Jintao, and said that "economic and social progress that is being achieved in China places new demands in terms of human rights."^[145][146]

Countries

Turkey, which has a vocal Uyghur minority and is a majority-Turkic nation, officially expressed "deep sadness", and urged the Chinese authorities to bring the perpetrators to justice.^[147][148] Its Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, said the incident was "like genocide",^[149][150] while Trade and Industry Minister Nihat Ergün called for a boycott on Chinese goods.^[151][152] The violence against Uyghurs also caused lots of Turkish people to gather for protests against PRC, mostly targeting Chinese embassies and consulates in Turkey's various cities. The Turkish stance sparked a significant outcry from Chinese media.^{[153][154][155]} Rebiya Kadeer claimed that Turkey is hampered from interfering with Uyghurs because it recognizes that its own Kurdish issue may get interfered with by China in retaliation.^[156] An appeal for Chinese products to be boycotted by Nihat Ergun failed.^[157]

Arab countries politically supported China in the OIC with especially Saudi Arabia and Egypt helping China squash any potential anti-Chinese motion by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation on the Uyghurs, Egypt viewed its own internal sectarian problems like China's and Sudan was also concerned about external interference in its internal problems as well, while Indonesia had to deal with its own internal Islamists and emphasized that there was no religious conflict but instead ethnic based disturbances in Xinjiang to calm the situation down.^[158] Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt helped China kill off a statement on the Xinjiang situation in the OIC.^[159] There has been no public reaction by the Arab League, Saudi Arabia and Iran on the situation and China has built stronger relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia due to their influence in the Islamic world.^[160]

Afghanistan,^[161] Cambodia,^[162] and Vietnam said they believed the Chinese government was "taking appropriate measures",^[163] their statements backed "the territorial integrity and sovereignty of China".^[161] Micronesian Vice President Alik Alik condemned the riot as a "terrorist act".^[164]

Iran said it shared the concerns of Turkey and the OIC, and appealed to the Chinese government to respect the rights of the Muslim population in Xinjiang.^[165][166]

The Japanese government was monitoring the situation, with concern;^[167] Singapore urged restraint and dialogue;^[168] while the ROC government in Taiwan strongly condemned all those who instigated the violence. Premier Liu Chiao-shiuan also urged restraint and expressed hope that the Chinese authorities will demonstrate the "greatest possible leniency and tolerance in dealing with the aftermath" and respect the rights of ethnic minorities.^[169] Taiwan denied a visa to Kadeer in September 2009, alleging she had links to the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, classed as a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and United States.^[170]

Switzerland called for restraint, and sent condolences to the families of victims and urged China to respect freedom of expression and the press.^[171] Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of Australia urged restraint to bring about a "peaceful settlement to this difficulty."^[172] Serbia stated that it opposed separatism and supports the "resolution of all disputes by peaceful means."^[173] Belarus noted with regret the loss of life and damage in the region, and hoped that the situation would soon normalise.^[174]

There was violence in the Netherlands and in Norway: the Chinese embassy in the Netherlands was attacked by Uyghur activists who smashed windows with bricks,^[94] the Chinese flag was also burnt.^[175] There were 142 arrests,^[176] and China closed the embassy for the day.^[177] About 100 Uyghurs protested outside the Chinese embassy in the Norwegian capital. Eleven were detained, and later released without charge.^[178] Protesters from a coalition of Indonesian Islamist groups attacked guards at the Chinese embassy in Jakarta and called for a jihad against China.^[179] Pakistan said there were some "elements" out to harm Sino-Pakistan ties would not damage or destabilise the interests of the two countries.^[180] Sri Lanka stressed the incident was an internal affair of China and was confident that efforts by the Chinese authorities would restore normalcy.^[181]

Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon urged "dialogue and goodwill" to help resolve grievances and prevent further deterioration of the situation.^[182] The spokesman for the Obama administration said the United States regretted the loss of life in Xinjiang,^[143] was deeply concerned and called on all sides to exercise restraint.^[131] U.S. State Department spokesman Ian Kelly, said "it's important that the Chinese authorities act to restore order and prevent further violence."^[183] The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom expressed "grave concern" over repression in China, and called for an independent investigation on the riots and targeted sanctions against China.^[184]

Other organisations

}}
19. ^^1 2 3 {{Cite book | chapter=The Chinese Program of Development and Control, 1978–2001 | last=Gladney | first=Dru C. | year=2004 | title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland | editor=S. Frederick Starr | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | isbn=978-0-7656-1318-9 | pages=112–114 | postscript=}}
20. ^{{Cite book | title=The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse | last=Dwyer | first=Arienne | series=Political Studies 15 | publisher=East-West Center | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-29-5 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf | page=2 | postscript=}}
21. ^¹ {{Cite book | title=Xinjiang – China's Muslim Far Northwest | last=Dillon | first=Michael | year=2004 | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | isbn=0-415-32051-8 | page=51 | postscript=}}
22. ^{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | page=19 | postscript=}}
23. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/2005_3a_minorities.php | publisher=Congressional-Executive Commission on China | date=1 October 2005 | accessdate=6 May 2010 | title=China's Minorities and Government Implementation of the Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law | quote=[Uyghurs] live in cohesive communities largely separated from Han Chinese, practice major world religions, have their own written scripts, and have supporters outside of China. Relations between these minorities and Han Chinese have been strained for centuries. | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407172630/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/2005_3a_minorities.php | archivedate=7 April 2010 | df=dmy-all }}
24. ^{{Cite journal | url = http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf| last=Sautman | first=Barry | year=1997 | title=Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang | publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | journal=Working Papers in the Social Sciences | issue=32 | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | page=35 | postscript = }}
25. ^¹ {{cite news | url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/malcolmmoore/100002509/urumqi-riots-signal-dark-days-ahead/ | title=Urumqi riots signal dark days ahead | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=7 July 2009 | last=Moore | first=Malcolm | location=London}}
26. ^{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | pages=34–5 | postscript=}}
27. ^{{Cite journal | url = http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf| last=Sautman | first=Barry | year=1997 | title=Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang | publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | journal=Working Papers in the Social Sciences | issue=32 | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | pages=29–31 | postscript = }}
28. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/608f0f80-6cac-11de-af56-00144feabdc0.html |work=Financial Times |title=Uighur riots show need for rethink by Beijing |first=Minxin |last=Pei |date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | quote=Han Chinese view the Uighurs as harbouring separatist aspirations and being disloyal and ungrateful, in spite of preferential policies for ethnic minority groups.}}
29. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.2753/PPC1075-8216540304 | last=Hierman | first=Brent | title=The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002 | journal=Problems of Post-Communism | year=2007 | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=48–62}}
30. ^¹ {{cite web|publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst |url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node/364 |date=16 February 2000 |accessdate=29 January 2010 |last=Rudelson |first=Justin Ben-Adam |title=Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150459/http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node%2F364 |archivedate=29 February 2012 |df= }}
31. ^{{cite journal|last=Gunaratna |first=Rohan |authorlink=Rohan Gunaratna |page=59 |last2=Pereire |first2=Kenneth George |year=2006 |title=An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China? |volume=4 |issue=2 |journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly |url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf |quote=Since [the Ghulja incident], numerous attacks including attacks on buses, clashes between ETIM militants and Chinese security forces, assassination attempts, attempts to attack Chinese key installations and government buildings have taken place, though many cases go unreported. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106144335/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf |archivedate=6 January 2011 |df= }}
32. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/ethnic-clash-06292009102144.html |title='No Rapes' in Riot Town |publisher=Radio Free Asia |date=29 June 2009|accessdate=18 January 2010}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-07-07-voa6-68790522.html?CFTOKEN=39135411&CFID=286994581&jsessionid=de30e9333ac029fc1b14695a684c467c4e1c | title=Violence in Xinjiang Nothing New Says China Analyst | publisher=VOA news |first=Victor |last=Beattie |date=8 July 2009|accessdate=18 January 2010}}
34. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8125693.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Man held over China ethnic clash |date=30 June 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}
35. ^^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aBWP2E9DJPlU |title=China Says 140 Die in Riot, Uighur Separatists Blamed (Update2) |date=5 July 2009 |publisher=Bloomberg News |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143852/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aBWP2E9DJPlU |archivedate=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
36. ^^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/06/us-china-xinjiang-idUSTRE56500R20090706 |title=China calls Xinjiang riot a plot against its rule |agency=Reuters|date=5 July 2009 |accessdate=18 January 2009}}
37. ^^1 2 Interview with Dru Gladney. {{cite podcast | title=Uighurs and China's Social Justice Problem | url=http://www.cfr.org/china/uighurs-chinas-social-justice-problem/p19760 | host=Council on Foreign Relations | date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=17 January 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622095008/http://www.cfr.org/china/uighurs-chinas-social-justice-problem/p19760 | archivedate=22 June 2011 | df=dmy-all }}
38. ^^1 2 3 {{cite news | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/06/content_8379985.htm | title=Civilians, officer killed in Ürümqi unrest | agency=Xinhua | work=China Daily | date= 6 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p5OchhRX?url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/06/content_8379985.htm | archivedate=18 April 2010}}
39. ^{{cite news | work=China Daily | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/07/content_8389647.htm | title=World Uyghur Congress behind violence: expert | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | agency=Xinhua | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p5Og6Hvj?url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/07/content_8389647.htm | archivedate=18 April 2010}}
40. ^{{cite news |url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/07/29/1221s504925.htm |title=Violence Video about Urumqi Riot is Fake |publisher=China Radio International | agency=Xinhua | date=29 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p5Olncg2?url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/07/29/1221s504925.htm | archivedate=18 April 2010}}
41. ^^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7} {{cite news | publisher=China Central Television | script-title=zh:视频-乌鲁木齐"７·５"打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件新闻发布会 | url =http://news.cctv.com/china/20090707/105812.shtml | date =7 July 2009 | accessdate =7 July 2009 | format=video | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p5Op5Evk?url=http://news.cctv.com/china/20090707/105812.shtml | archivedate=18 April 2010| language =Chinese }}
42. ^{{cite news | work=China Daily | date=16 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | title=Urumqi riots part of plan to help Al-Qaeda | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2009-07/16/content_8434355.htm | author=Wu Chaofan | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p5PCiEuQ?url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2009-07/16/content_8434355.htm | archivedate=18 April 2010}}
43. ^{{cite news | work=China Daily | date=18 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/18/content_8445811.htm | title=Xinjiang riot hits regional anti-terror nerve | agency=Xinhua}}
44. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124698273174806523 |title=The Real Uighur Story |work=Wall Street Journal|last=Kadeer |first=Rebiya |date=8 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}
45. ^{{cite news | title=The violence has ended in Urumqi but shadows remain in hearts and minds | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-violence-has-ended-in-urumqi-but-shadows-remain-in-hearts-and-minds/story-e6frg6so-1225815346008 | last=Sainsbury | first=Michael | work=The Australian | date=2 January 2010 | accessdate=2 January 2010 | quote=There is little doubt [the WUC] helped promote protests, but there is no evidence they fomented violence.}}
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2009/07/09/news0324.htm |title=China for unequivocal stand against ethnic separation |work=The New Nation |date=9 July 2009|accessdate=18 January 2010}}
47. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/05/china-riots-xinjiang-opinions-beijing-dispatch.html | work=Forbes | title=Uighur Unrest | accessdate=5 July 2009 | date=5 July 2009 | last=Epstein | first=Gady |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RIoFftrp?url=http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/05/china-riots-xinjiang-opinions-beijing-dispatch.html|archivedate=24 July 2014 }}
48. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/07-06/1762907.shtml | script-title=zh:新疆披露打砸抢烧杀暴力犯罪事件当日发展始末 |publisher=中新网 Chinanews.com.cn |date=6 July 2009|language=zh}}
49. ^^1 2 3 {{cite journal | title = "Justice, justice": The July 2009 Protests in Xinjiang, China | url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/027/2010/en/ | publisher = Amnesty International | date = 2 July 2010 | accessdate = 2 July 2010 | df = dmy-all }}
50. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4511658,00.html | date=23 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 |script-title=zh:美新疆问题专家鲍文德访谈 |trans-title=Interview with American "Xinjiang problem" expert Gardiner Bovingdon | publisher=Deutsche Welle|quote=
Interviewer: {{lang|zh-hans|您认为事件的过程已经非常清楚了吗？}} (Do you think the process of the riots has become clear?)
Bovingdon: {{lang|zh-hans|不清楚，而且我觉得可以说很不清楚。}} (No, it's not clear, and I think you can say it's much unclear.)}}
51. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/06/world/fg-china-protest6 |title=140 slain as Chinese riot police, Muslims clash in north-western city |first=Barbara |last=Demick |date=6 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | work=Los Angeles Times}}
52. ^{{cite web | accessdate=5 September 2009 | publisher=World Uyghur Congress | date=6 July 2009 | url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=966 | title=WUC Condemns China's Brutal Crackdown of a Peaceful Protest in Urumchi City}}
53. ^{{cite web | accessdate=5 September 2009 | publisher=World Uyghur Congress | date=7 July 2009 | url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=975 | title=World Uyghur Congress' Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident}}
54. ^{{cite web | publisher=Uyghur American Association | url=http://www.uyghuramerican.org//articles/3304/1/Unrest-in-East-Turkestan-What-China-is-Not-Telling-the-Media/index.html | last=Kadeer | first=Rebiya | authorlink=Rebiya Kadeer | title=Unrest in East Turkestan: What China is not telling the media | date=20 July 2009 | accessdate=29 September 2009 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724093826/http://www.uyghuramerican.org/articles/3304/1/Unrest-in-East-Turkestan-What-China-is-Not-Telling-the-Media/index.html | archivedate=24 July 2009 | df=dmy-all }}
55. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0712/p06s07-wogn.html |title=Q&A with Uighur spiritual leader Rebiya Kadeer |date= 12 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 |first=Robert |last=Marquand|work=Christian Science Monitor |quote=[Kadeer:] I was quite surprised by the loss of so many lives. Initially the protest was peaceful. You could even see Uighurs in the crowd holding Chinese flags. There were women and children, and that seemed at first like a good thing. But the Uighurs were provoked by Chinese security forces – dogs, armoured cars. What has not been noted are the plain clothes police who went in and provoked the Uighurs. My view is that the Chinese wanted a riot in order to justify a larger crackdown; it's an attempt to create solidarity between the Han and the government at a time when there is insecurity. Provoking the crowd justifies that this was a Uighur mob.}}
56. ^{{cite news | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | title=Urumqi riots: Weapons prepared beforehand, division of tasks clear | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11744210.htm | accessdate=15 December 2009 | date=21 July 2009 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106161532/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11744210.htm | archivedate=6 November 2012 | df=dmy-all }}
57. ^^1 2 3 {{cite news | title=The violence has ended in Urumqi but shadows remain in hearts and minds | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-violence-has-ended-in-urumqi-but-shadows-remain-in-hearts-and-minds/story-e6frg6so-1225815346008 | last=Sainsbury | first=Michael | work=The Australian | date=2 January 2010 | accessdate=2 January 2010}}
58. ^{{cite news | work=Shanghai Daily | title=Kindness found amid the violence | | date=9 July 2009}}
59. ^^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/three-die-during-riots-in-chinas-xinjiang-region-state-media-20090706-d9dz.html | agency=Agence France-Presse | publisher=Sydney Morning Herald | title=Three die during riots in China's Xinjiang region: state media | date=5 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | first=Marianne | last=Barriaux}}
60. ^^1 2 {{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/05/china-uighur-riots-xianjing | title=Muslim Uighurs riot as ethnic tensions rise in China | last=Branigan | first=Tania | last2=Watts | first2=Jonathan | work=The Guardian | date=5 July 2009 | accessdate=5 July 2009 | location=London}}
61. ^^1 2 3 {{cite news|author=Agencies|title=Civilians die in China riots|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/07/200975175832600179.html|publisher=Al Jazeera |date=5 July 2009|accessdate=5 July 2009}}
62. ^¹ {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8139065.stm | title=Troops flood into China Riot City | publisher=BBC News | date=8 July 2009 | accessdate=6 July 2009}}
63. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009xinjiangriot/2009-07/09/content_8407294.htm |title=Traffic curfew lifted, tension remains in Urumqi |agency=Xinhua |work=China Daily |date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}
64. ^¹ {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8137432.stm |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 |title=Mass arrests over China violence |publisher=BBC News}}
65. ^¹ {{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106318388 | title=China Ethnic Unrest kills 156 | publisher=National Public Radio | date=6 July 2009 | accessdate=6 July 2009 | work=All Things Considered | first=Anthony | last=Kuhn | first2=Melissa | last2=Block}}
66. ^{{cite news |title=An eerie silence after lockdown in Kashgar |work=South China Morning Post |date=8 July 2009 |first=Will |last=Clem |page= A4}}
67. ^{{cite news |title=Thousands of students detained at college |work=South China Morning Post |date=9 July 2009 |first=Will |last=Clem |page= A3}}
68. ^{{cite news | date=5 July 2009 | accessdate=5 July 2009 | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/07/05/uk-china-xinjiang-unrest-idUKTRE5641D720090705 | title=Three killed in riot in China's Xinjiang region | last=Buckley | first=Chris | work=Reuters}}
69. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/06/content_11661240.htm |title=129 killed, 816 injured in China's Xinjiang violence |date=6 June 2009 |accessdate=18 January 2010 |publisher=Chinaview.cn |agency=Xinhua |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709082604/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/06/content_11661240.htm |archivedate=9 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
70. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20090706-153071.html | agency=Reuters | publisher=AsiaOne News | title=China says 140 dead in Xinjiang unrest | date=6 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009}}
71. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/07/content_11663866.htm |title=Death toll in Xinjiang riot rises to 156 |agency=Xinhua |date=7 July 2009}}
72. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/15/content_11713238.htm | title=Death toll of Urumqi riot rises to 192 | agency=Xinhua | date=15 July 2009}}
73. ^¹ {{cite news | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/18/content_8444365.htm | title=Urumqi riot handled 'decisively, properly' | author=Hu Yinan, Lei Xiaoxun | date=18 July 2009 | accessdate=18 July 2009 | work=China Daily | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p3p65NtT?url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/18/content_8444365.htm | archivedate=17 April 2010}}
74. ^^1 2 {{cite news | work=The New York Times | date=25 August 2009 | accessdate=4 September 2009 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/26/world/asia/26china.html | title=Chinese President Visits Volatile Xinjiang | last=Wong | first=Edward}}
75. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6656359.ece |title=Chinese Han mob marches for revenge against Uighurs after rampage | work=The Times | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=7 July 2009 | first=Jane | last=Macartney | location=London}}
76. ^¹ {{cite news | url=http://www.newsday.com/news/death-toll-from-china-s-ethnic-riots-hits-184-1.1306298 |title=Death toll from China's ethnic riots hits 184 | publisher=Newsday | agency=Associated Press |date=10 July 2009}}
77. ^{{cite news | last=Duncan | first=Max | date=18 July 2009 | accessdate=18 July 2009 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/19/idUSLI462648 | title=China says police shot dead 12 Uighurs this month | publisher=Reuters}}
78. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/jul/18/china-says-police-killed-12-urumqi-rioting/?breakingnews | title=China says police killed 12 in Urumqi rioting | agency=Associated Press | date=18 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | last=Wong | first=Gillian | publisher=Times Free Press}}
79. ^^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | work=Time | date=20 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=China's War in the West | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1909460-1,00.html | last=Elegant | first=Simon | last2=Ramzy | first2=Austin}}
80. ^^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | date=3 August 2009 | accessdate=4 September 2009 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8181563.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Xinjiang arrests 'now over 1,500'}}
81. ^{{cite news | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | date=5 August 2009 | accessdate=13 December 2009 | title=Innocent civilians make up 156 in Urumqi riot death toll | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/05/content_11831350.htm | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808151504/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/05/content_11831350.htm | archivedate=8 August 2009 | df=dmy-all }}
82. ^^{1 2 3 4 5} {{cite journal | url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/86103/section/6 | publisher=Human Rights Watch | title=We Are Afraid to Even Look for Them: Enforced Disappearances in the Wake of Xinjiang's Protests | date=20 October 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}
83. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/12/content_11696865.htm |title= Number of injured in Urumqi riot increases to 1,680 |agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | accessdate=18 January 2010|date=12 July 2009}}
84. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11741337.htm | title=Xinjiang doubles compensation for bereaved families in Urumqi riot | date=21 July 2009 | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | accessdate=18 January 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826004420/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11741337.htm | archivedate=26 August 2009 | df=dmy-all }}
85. ^¹ {{cite news| url=http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-07-10/110196178.html | script-title=zh:"７·５"事件遇害者家属将获补偿21万元 | work=Caijing | date=10 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010|language=zh}}
86. ^^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/china/article6655225.ece |title=Riot police battle protesters as China's Uighur crisis escalates |first=Jane |last=Macartney |work=The Times |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | location=London}}
87. ^¹ {{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5769839/Eyewtiness-tensions-high-on-the-streets-of-Urumqi.html |title=Eyewitness: tensions high on the streets of Urumqi |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | location=London}}
88. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/07/content_11664739.htm |title=Police arrests 1,434 suspects in connection with Xinjiang riot |agency=Xinhua |publisher=Chinaview.cn |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=12 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013745/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/07/content_11664739.htm |archivedate=10 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
89. ^{{cite news | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=4 September 2009 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5764906/China-riots-300-Uighurs-stage-fresh-protest-in-Urumqi.html | title=China riots: 300 Uighurs stage fresh protest in Urumqi | last=Foster | first=Peter | location=London}}
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91. ^{{cite news | last=Fujioka | first=Chisa | date=29 July 2009 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/29/us-china-xinjiang-idUSTRE56S1O020090729 | title=Uighur leader says 10,000 went missing in one night | publisher=Reuters | accessdate= 24 April 2011}}
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234. ^Hills, Kathrin (3 July 2010). "Development unlikely to drown out disharmony", pg 4, Financial Times
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242. ^¹ {{cite news | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-02/08/content_9440855.htm | title=More websites back online in Urumqi | author=Cui Jia | date=8 February 2010 | accessdate=11 February 2010 | work=China Daily}}
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244. ^{{cite news | publisher=BBC News | date=11 February 2010 | accessdate=11 February 2010 | title=Trekking 1,000 km in China for e-mail | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8506601.stm | last=Grammaticas | first=Damian}}
245. ^{{cite news | agency=Xinhua | date=18 January 2010 | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-01/19/c_13141696.htm | title=Xinjiang to continue lifting communication restrictions: spokesperson | publisher=English.news.cn | accessdate=11 February 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506084341/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-01/19/c_13141696.htm | archivedate=6 May 2010 | df=dmy-all }}
246. ^{{cite news | publisher=BBC News | accessdate=11 February 2010 | date=18 January 2010 | last=Bristow | first=Michael | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8464881.stm | title=China allows texting in Xinjiang six months after riots}}

External links

News coverage

• Xinhua News Agency coverage
• CCTV special coverage {{zh icon}}
• Timeline: Xinjiang unrest, BBC

Photos

• Outrage in China After Riot Deaths, Life
• Race Riots Continue in China's Far West, Time
• Ethnic clashes in Urumqi, China, The Boston Globe

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• Grand Orient of Romania
• Grand Orient of Russian People
• Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples
• Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples
• Grand Orient of Switzerland
• Grand Orient of the Peoples of Russia
• Grand Orient of the Russian Peoples
• Grandovec
• Grand Pabos River
• Grand Pabos West River
• Grand Pacific Hotel (San Diego)
• Grand Pacific Junction
• GrandPad
• Grandpa Dave's Memory Album
• Grandpa Dave's Old Country Farm
• Grandpa England
• Grandpa Goes to Town
• Grandpa Is Dead
• Grandpa is Dead
• Grandpa Jack
• Grand palace
• Grand Palace (disambiguation)
• Grand Palais (Hanoi)