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词条 Juncus acutus
释义

  1. Synonyms

  2. Description

  3. Distribution

  4. Community species

  5. Chemistry

  6. References

  7. External links

{{speciesbox
|image = Juncus acutus-Host.png
|image_caption =
|genus = Juncus
|species = acutus
|authority = L.[1]
}}

Juncus acutus, the spiny rush, sharp rush or sharp-pointed rush, is a flowering plant in the monocot family Juncaceae.

It grows in salt marshes[2] and on dunes[3] and is reliable for reducing erosion rates.[4]

In some countries like Australia it is considered to be an invasive weed[5] and the spines harmful to young children.[6]

Synonyms

  • Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii (Parl.) Snog. -- Leopold's rush[7]
  • Juncus acutus L. var. sphaerocarpus Engelm.[8]
  • Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus
  • Juncus spinosus Forssk.[9]
  • Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii also known as Leopold's rush is a native of Arizona, California, Georgia and Nevada.[1][8]
  • Juncus acutus L. var. conglobatus Trautv.
  • Juncus acutus L. var. decompositus Guss.
  • Juncus acutus L. var. longibracteatus Buchenau[10]

Description

Juncus acutus is a brown and green[11]

"tussocky"[6]

perennial that can be to {{convert|1.5|m|ft}}[11]

tall in all kinds of soils,[12]

in areas which go from extremes in flood and dry like dunes[3]

or that just stay wet like lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands.[13]

Stems and leaves
Pith filled stems and leaves arise from the base at different angles giving the plant a globe shape. The leaves form a basal sheath around the flower stem leaves and end with a stiff sharp point.[6]
Flowers
The flower stems are {{convert|2|mm|in}} to {{convert|4|mm|in}} in diameter and {{convert|4|cm|in}} to {{convert|13|cm|in}} long and are similar to the leaves. They emerge from the base at all angles and each have 1 - 6 flowers. Each flower has 6 stamens and {{convert|4|cm|in}} to {{convert|25|cm|in}} long bracts that terminate in a stiff and sharp point.[6] The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by the wind.[12]
Fruits and reproduction
Fruits are oval 3-celled brown capsules {{convert|4|mm|in}} to {{convert|6|mm|in}}. The {{convert|1.2|mm|in}} to {{convert|2|mm|in}} long brown seeds have a tail at each end.[6]
Roots
Short[6] and robust rhizomes.[11]

Distribution

Found principally in low-lying damp, low fertility areas[13] like sandy sea shores and dune slacks and coastal flats,[13] occasionally in salt marshes[12] and disturbed saline areas, mine dumps, lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands[13]

Palearctic:

Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco

Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey

Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

Northern Europe: British Isles

Southeastern Europe: Albania, Crete, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Sardinia, Serbia, Sicily, Malta

Southwestern Europe: Azores, Balearic Islands, Corsica, France, Portugal, Spain

Nearctic:

Northern America: Baja California[1]

Community species

In Brazil, J. acutus has been observed on the Santa Catarina coast living in communities with:

  • Ipomoea pes-caprae
  • Hydrocotyle bonariensis
  • Senecio crassiflorus[3]

In a natural shallow depression in the Murray River floodplain in South Australia:

  • Muehlenbeckia florulenta
  • Atriplex semibaccata
  • Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata
  • Mimulus repens
  • Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis
  • Phragmites australis
  • Paspalum vaginatum{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Chemistry

The dimeric phenanthrenoid 8,8'-bidehydrojuncusol and the monomeric juncusol[14] and dehydrojuncusol can be isolated from J. acutus.[15]

References

1. ^1 2 {{GRIN | accessdate = 2008-04-26}}
2. ^{{cite book | last1 = Baba | first1 = A. | last2=Howard |first2=K.W.F. |last3=Orhan |first3=G. | title = Groundwater and Ecosystems | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1kuMICY6NCcC | publisher = Springer Science+Business Media | isbn = 1-4020-4736-3 | chapter = Groundwater in Semi-Arid Mediterranean Areas | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=1kuMICY6NCcC&pg=PT77&lpg=PT77&source=web&ots=0fDmVpC25b&sig=XLtuHtcNVd2yYoMw-NcxrjGRV9g&hl=en | year = 2006 }}
3. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1 =Schardosim | first1 =Alecsandro | last2=Klein |first2=Vanilde |last3=Citadini-Zanette |first3=Robson dos Santos | title =Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina | journal =Biotemas | volume =20 | issue =3 | pages =15–26 | date = September 2007 | url = https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/biotemas/article/viewFile/20663/18823 | language = Portuguese | id =– 1643 | accessdate = 2015-06-07}}
4. ^{{cite journal | last1 =De Baets | first1 =S. |last2=Poesen |first2=J.|last3= Knapen |first3=A.|last4=Barberá |first4=G.G. |last5=Navarro |first5=J.A. | title =Root characteristics of representative Mediterranean plant species and their erosion-reducing potential during concentrated runoff | journal =Geophysical Research Abstracts | volume =9 | publisher = European Geosciences Union | date =2007 | url = http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/05497/EGU2007-J-05497.pdf | format = PDF | issn =1607-7962 | accessdate = 2008-04-26 }}
5. ^{{cite book | last = Parsons | first = W. T. |last2=Cuthbertson |first2=E. G. |title = Noxious Weeds of Australia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC | accessdate = 2008-04-26 | date = 2001 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | isbn = 0-643-06514-8 | pages = 712 pages | chapter = FAMILY Juncaceae | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&source=web&ots=0P0SrF88Ep&sig=JmgU-SN-uFWHSXvBbB-E6Se38vw&hl=en }}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=0&ibra=all&card=W22 |title=Australia Spiny Rush |accessdate=2008-04-20 |work=Weed Identification |publisher=Australian Weeds Committee, National Weeds Strategy |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920202223/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=0&ibra=all&card=W22 |archivedate=2008-09-20 |df= }}
7. ^{{ITIS |id=524958 |taxon=Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii |accessdate=25 April 2008}}
8. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JUACL | title = PLANTS Profile, Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii | accessdate = 2008-04-25 | author = Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) | authorlink = Natural Resources Conservation Service | work = The PLANTS Database | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture }}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=41763 |title=Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus record n° 41763 |accessdate=2008-04-25 |work=African Plants Database |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=160745 |title=Juncus acutus L. record n° 160745 |accessdate=2008-04-25 |work=African Plants Database |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/1175 | title = Juncus acutus L. | accessdate = 2008-04-26 | author =Helen Coleman, FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia | authorlink = Western Australian Herbarium | date = 2007-09-11 | work = Flora Descriptions | publisher = Government of Western Australia}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Juncus+acutus | title = Juncus acutus | accessdate = 2008-04-25 | work = Species Database | publisher = Plants For A Future}}
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/weeds_perennial_spiny_rush | title = Spiny Rush (Juncus acutus) (Nox) | accessdate = 2008-04-25 | date = 2008-05-03 | work = Victorian Resources Online | publisher = The State of Victoria, Department of Primary Industries}}
14. ^{{cite journal |author1=Fathi Abdelmohsen Abdelhalim Behery |author2=Zain Elabdin Metwally Naeem |author3=Galal Taha Maatooq |author4=Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelfattah Amer |author5=Zhi-Hong Wen |author6=Jyh-Horng Sheu |author7=Atallah Fouad Ahmed | year = 2007 | title = Phenanthrenoids from Juncus acutus L., New Natural Lipopolysaccharide-Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors | url = | journal = Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 55 | issue = 8| pages = 1264–1266 | doi = 10.1248/cpb.55.1264 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Behery | first1 = FA | last2 = Naeem | first2 = ZE | last3 = Maatooq | first3 = GT | last4 = Amer | first4 = MM | last5 = Ahmed | first5 = AF | year = 2013 | title = A novel antioxidant phenanthrenoid dimer from Juncus acutus L. | url = | journal = Nat Prod Res | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 155–163 | doi = 10.1080/14786419.2012.662759 | pmid = 22360833 }}

External links

{{commonscat-inline}}{{Wikispecies-inline}}
  • {{cite web

| url = http://beta.uniprot.org/taxonomy/308385
| title = Juncus acutus
| accessdate = 2008-04-25
| author = UniProt
| authorlink = UniProt
}}
  • {{cite book

| last = Linné
| first = Carl von
| authorlink = Carl Linnaeus
|author2=Laurentii Salvii
| title = Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas...
| url = http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000802824
| series = Vol. 1
| date = 1753
| id = QK91.C480 1753
| chapter = Juncus
| chapterurl = http://www.botanicus.org/page/358344
  • {{cite web

| url = http://www.tropicos.org/Name/16900118
| title = Juncus acutus L.
| accessdate = 2008-04-25
| author = Missouri Botanical Garden
| authorlink = Missouri Botanical Garden
| work = Tropicos
}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2094325}}

9 : Juncus|Halophytes|Palearctic flora|Flora of South America|Flora of North America|Flora of Baja California|Flora of Brazil|Flora of Europe|Plants described in 1753
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