| 词条 | Kelly Barnes Dam |
| 释义 |
| name = Kelly Barnes Dam | image = Kelleybarneslake.jpg | image_caption = View of former reservoir area after the dam failure. | name_official = | dam_crosses = | location = Stephens County, Georgia, U.S. | dam_type = Embankment dam | dam_length = {{Convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_height = {{Convert|12|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_width_base = {{Convert|6.1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | construction_began = | opening = 1899 | demolished = November 6, 1977 | cost = | owner = | res_name = Barnes Lake | res_capacity_total = {{Convert|505730|m3|ft3|abbr=on}} | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_depth = | plant_operator = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = 0.2 MW | plant_annual_gen = | plant_commission = 1899 | plant_decommission = | location_map = | location_map_caption = | location_map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|34|36|01|N|83|21|44|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | website = | extra = }} Kelly Barnes Dam was an earthen embankment dam located in Stephens County, Georgia, just outside the city of Toccoa. It collapsed on November 6, 1977, after heavy rainfall, and the resulting flood killed 39 people and caused $2.8 million in damage. The dam was never rebuilt, and the Toccoa Falls downstream of the dam site is now a memorial and tourist attraction on the campus of Toccoa Falls College. HistoryIn 1899, the original rock crib dam was built by E. P. Simpson to create a reservoir for a small hydroelectric power plant that began operating that same year. The plant, now a historical site on the Toccoa Falls College campus called the Old Toccoa Falls Power Plant, produced 200 kW (0.2 MW) for the town of Toccoa, Georgia.[1] The power plant was transferred in 1933 to the Toccoa Falls Institute, which decided to develop a more stable electric power source and built an earthen embankment dam over the original rock crib dam between 1939 and 1940.[2] After World War II, the dam was again raised, creating Barnes Lake, a {{convert|40|acre|adj=on}} reservoir. The modifications provided power for Toccoa Falls Institute until 1957, when the power production was stopped, and the lake was thereafter used only for recreation.[3] Dam characteristicsThe dam was modified several times, ultimately measuring {{convert|38|ft|m}} high, {{convert|400|ft|m}} long and {{Convert|20|ft|m}} wide at its crest. The dam had two uncontrolled earthen spillways. The main spillway was {{convert|380|ft|m}} long, {{convert|11|-|60|ft}} wide and located on the left side of the structure. A low point on the right side and away from the dam could also be used as a secondary spillway when the reservoir levels became too high.[4] The embankment dam was located about {{Convert|2000|ft|m}} upstream from the Toccoa Falls and mostly consisted of residual soils and silt. The dam sat on a foundation of silt and stable biotite gneiss (rock).[5] Within the dam embankment were two masonry structures. One helped support a pipe that was used as a low-level spillway. The other contained a penstock (pipe) for the hydroelectricity power plant. Neither was being used at the time of the flood.[6] Dam failureOn November 6, 1977,[7] at 1:30 am, the Kelly Barnes Dam failed after four days of heavy rain:[8] {{Convert|7|in|spell=in}} had fallen from November 2 to 5 — half of that between 6 pm and midnight on November 5. The rain swelled Barnes Lake, which normally held {{convert|17859600|ft3|m3}} of water, to an estimated {{convert|27442800|ft3|m3}} of water. A total of {{convert|200|ft|m}} of the dam failed, causing a peak of {{convert|24000|ft3/s|m3/s}} maximum discharge to burst downstream. .[9] The flood killed 39 people[6] and destroyed nine houses, 18 house trailers, two college buildings and many motor vehicles. Five houses and five college buildings were also damaged. Two bridges on Toccoa Falls Drive and a culvert at County Farm Road were completely destroyed. The embankments at Georgia State Route 17 were destroyed on either side of the bridge, and one of the bridge abutments at Highview Road was destroyed. The water-supply pipe for the city of Toccoa was damaged and the city's water supply was contaminated for several days.[10] The cost of the damage was $2.8 million.[11] After the flood, Georgia's Governor George Busbee called for an immediate investigation, which was carried out by a Federal Investigative Board of the United States Geological Survey. Their report was released December 21, 1977, with no specific causes cited for the failure.[6] The investigators had no engineering plans for the dam and records of construction on the dam were based on witnesses, pictures, and newspaper articles.[6] The investigation did, however, cite several possible or probable causes. The failure of the dam's slope may have contributed to weakness in the structure, particularly in the heavy rain. A collapse of the low-level spillway could have also exacerbated this problem. A 1973 photo showed a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}}, {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} slide had occurred on the downstream face of the dam, which may have also contributed or foreshadowed the dam failure. Overall, the dam itself was in poor condition and lacked a sufficient design.[6] See also{{Commons category}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=The Old Toccoa Falls Power Plant|url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/stephens/the-old-toccoa-falls-power-plant|website=GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac|accessdate=12 May 2016}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Historical plaque at old powerhouse building below Toccoa Falls. |url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/publications/ToccoaFIBReport/photo01.html |accessdate=19 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603073849/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/publications/ToccoaFIBReport/photo01.html |archivedate=June 3, 2010 }} 3. ^Report of Failure of Kelly Barnes Dam and Findings – History 4. ^Report of Failure of Kelly Barnes Dam and Findings – General 5. ^Report of Failure of Kelly Barnes Dam and Findings – Site Geology 6. ^1 2 3 4 Report of Failure of Kelly Barnes Dam and Findings – Conclusion 7. ^{{cite web|title=Aerial view of the aftermath of the Toccoa Falls dam break and flood in Toccoa, Georgia.|url=http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/McTyre/id/99|website=Joe McTyre Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|accessdate=5 June 2016}} 8. ^{{cite journal|title=A Dam Breaks in Georgia|journal=Time|date=November 21, 1977|volume=110|issue=21|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=53521399&site=eds-live&scope=site|accessdate=20 May 2016}} 9. ^Report of Failure of Kelly Barnes Dam and Findings – Authority 10. ^Kelly Barnes Dam Flood of November 6, 1977, near Toccoa, Georgia – Flood Damage 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Paulson|first1=Richard|last2=Chase|first2=Edith|last3=Roberts|first3=Robert|last4=Moody|first4=David|title=National water summary 1988-89: Hydrologic events and floods and droughts|journal=United States Geological Survey Papers|date=1991|issue=2375|page=253|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2375/report.pdf|accessdate=5 November 2017}} Further reading
External links
12 : Disasters in Georgia (U.S. state)|Dam failures in the United States|1977 disasters|Buildings and structures in Stephens County, Georgia|1977 in Georgia (U.S. state)|1977 events in the United States|Dams in Georgia (U.S. state)|United States privately owned dams|November 1977 events|Toccoa Falls College|1899 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)|1977 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
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