| 词条 | Józef and Wiktoria Ulma |
| 释义 |
|name=Józef and Wiktoria Ulma |birth_date=1900 (Józef) 1912 (Wiktoria) |death_date=24 March 1944 |feast_day= |venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church |image=Polish Righteous Józef and Wiktoria Ulma.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption=Józef and Wiktoria Ulma before the war |birth_place=Markowa, Russian Poland, Russian Empire |death_place=Markowa, Occupied Poland |titles=Servants of God |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date= |canonized_place= |canonized_by= |attributes= |patronage= |major_shrine= |suppressed_date= |issues= |prayer= }}Servants of God Józef and Wiktoria Ulma, a Polish husband and wife, living in Markowa near Rzeszów in south-eastern Poland during the Nazi German occupation in World War II, were the Righteous who attempted to rescue Polish Jewish families by hiding them in their own home during the Holocaust. They and their children were summarily executed on 24 March 1944 for doing so.[1][2][3] The rescuers and the rescuedAt the onset of World War II, Józef Ulma (born in 1900) was a prominent citizen in the village of Markowa: a librarian, a photographer, active in social life and the local Catholic Youth Association. He was an educated fruit grower and a bee-keeper. His wife Wiktoria (born Wiktoria Niemczak in 1912), was a homemaker. The Ulmas had six children: Stanisława, age 8, Barbara, age 7, Władysław, age 6, Franciszek, age 4, Antoni, age 3 and Maria, age 2. Another child was due to be born just days after the family's summary execution on 24 March 1944.[4] In the summer and autumn of 1942, the Nazi police deported several Jewish families of Markowa to their deaths as part of the German Final solution to the Jewish question.[4] Only those who were hidden in Polish peasants' homes survived. Eight Jews found shelter with the Ulmas: six members of the Szall (Szali) family from Łańcut including father, mother and four sons, as well as the two daughters of Chaim Goldman, Golda and Layka.[5] Józef Ulma put all eight Jews in the attic. They learned to help him with supplementary jobs while in hiding, to ease the incurred expenses.[4] ExecutionIn the early morning hours of 24 March 1944 a patrol of German police from Łańcut under Lieutenant Eilert Dieken came to the Ulmas' house which was on the outskirts of the village. They were informed ahead of time about the Jews in hiding by Włodzimierz Leś – a member of the Polish Blue Police – who was Ukrainian himself and who knew the Szall family from Łańcut and who took over their property there.[4] The Germans surrounded the house and caught all eight Jews belonging to the Szall and Goldman families. They shot them in the back of the head according to eyewitness Edward Nawojski and others, who were ordered to look at the executions. Then the German gendarmes killed the pregnant Wiktoria and her husband, so that the villagers would see what punishment awaited them for hiding Jews. The six children began to scream at the sight of their parents' bodies. After consulting with his superior, 23-year-old Jan Kokott, a Czech Volksdeutscher from Sudetenland serving with the German police, shot three or four of the Polish children while other Polish children were murdered by the remaining gendarmes.[5] Within several minutes 17 people were killed. The names of the other Nazi executioners are also known due to their frequent presence in the village (Eilert Dieken, Michael Dziewulski and Erich Wilde). The village Vogt ({{lang-pl|Wójt}}) Teofil Kielar was ordered to bury the victims with the help of other witnesses. He asked the German commander whom he had known from prior inspections and food acquisitions, why the children were also killed. Dieken answered in German, "So that you would not have any problems with them."[5] On 11 January 1945, in defiance of the Nazi prohibition, relatives of the Ulmas exhumed the bodies to bury them in the cemetery, and found out that Wiktoria's seventh child was almost born in the grave pit of its parents.{{cn|date=May 2018}} CommemorationOn 13 September 1995, Józef and Wiktoria Ulma were posthumously bestowed the titles of Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Their medals of honor were presented to Józef's surviving brother, Władysław Ulma. Their certificate informs that they tried to save Jews at the risk of their lives, but fails to mention that they died for them, as noted in the book Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny.[6] On the 60th anniversary of their execution, a stone memorial was erected in the village of Markowa to honor the memory of the Ulma family.[7] The inscription on the monument reads: {{quote|Saving the lives of others they laid down their own lives. Hiding eight elder brothers in faith, they were killed with them. May their sacrifice be a call for respect and love to every human being! They were the sons and daughters of this land; they will remain in our hearts.[5]}} At the unveiling of the monument, the Archbishop of Przemyśl, Józef Michalik – the President of the Polish Bishops' Conference – celebrated a solemn Mass.[5] The local diocesan level of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland initiated the Ulmas' beatification process in 2003.[8] The Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone spoke in Rome of the heroic Polish family on 24 January 2007 during the inauguration of the Italian edition of Martin Gilbert's book I giusti. Gli eroi sconosciuti dell'Olocausto ("The Righteous. Unknown Heroes of the Holocaust").[5] Special commemorations were held in Markowa on 24 March 2007 – 63 years after the Ulma, Szall and Goldman families were massacred. Mass was celebrated, followed by the Way of the Cross with the intention of the Ulma family's beatification. Among the guests was the President of the Council of Kraków, who laid flowers at the monument to the dead. The students of the local high-school presented their own interpretation of the Ulmas' family decision to hide Jews in a short performance entitled Eight Beatitudes. There was also an evening of poetry dedicated to the memory of the murdered. Older neighbors and relatives who knew them spoke about the life of the Ulmas. One historian from the Institute of National Remembrance presented archival documents; and, the Catholic diocesan postulator explained the requirements of the beatification process.[5] On 24 May 2011, the completed documentation of their martyrdom was passed on to Rome for completion of the beatification process.[9] A new Polish "National Day of the Ulma Family" has first been suggested by the former Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński. Subsequently, the growing support for a more formal commemoration inspired the Sejmik of Podkarpackie Voivodeship to name 2014 the Year of the Ulma Family (Rok Rodziny Ulmów).[10] The new Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in Markowa was scheduled to be completed in 2015.[11] See also
References1. ^Mateusz Szpytma, "The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma", Institute of National Remembrance, Poland. {{Refbegin}}2. ^Due to occasional downtime of the IPN server, please see the machine translation of Mateusz Szpytma's article in Polish made available by Google Translator. 3. ^{{pl icon}} Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów. "Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war - most of us already know that."); accessed 8 November 2008. 4. ^1 2 3 {{pl icon}} Teresa Tyszkiewicza, "Rodzina Ulmów. Miłość silniejsza niż strach" Bibliography: M. Szpytma: "Żydzi i ofiara rodziny Ulmów z Markowej podczas okupacji niemieckiej" in W gminie Markowa, vol. 2, Markowa 2004, p. 35; M. Szpytma, J. Szarek: Sprawiedliwi wśród narodów świata, Kraków 2007. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Wlodzimierz Redzioch, interview with Mateusz Szpytma, historian from the Institute of National Remembrance (4 March 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214341/http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?dz=z_historii&id_art=00022 "They gave up their lives."] Tygodnik Niedziela weekly, 16/2007, Editor-in-chief: Fr Ireneusz Skubis Częstochowa, Poland. Internet Archive. 6. ^Jolanta Chodorska, Alicja Augustyniak, Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny, Wyd. Sióstr Loretanek (publishing), 2002, Warsaw, Poland; {{ISBN|83-7257-102-3}}. 7. ^Joe Riesenbach, "The Story of Survival". Footnote by Richard Tyndorf 8. ^Anna Domin (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324034216/http://www.szczesliwydom.eu/patronowie.html Słudzy Boży - Józef i Wiktoria Ulmowie z Dziećmi.] Nasi patronowie. Stowarzyszenie Szczęśliwy Dom. Internet Archive. 9. ^Fight Hatred (27 May 2011), "Sainthood for Martyred Polish Jew-Defenders", Jabotinsky International Center; accessed 30 August 2016. 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:hizFZaNUgY8J:www.wrota.podkarpackie.pl/pl/kultura/ulma2014/wiecej&hl=en&gl=ca&strip=1|title=2014 - Rok Rodziny Ulmów|publisher=Wrota Podkarpackie|accessdate=17 February 2014|author=Katarzyna Potocka}} 11. ^Polskie Radio (24 March 2014), Ulmowie poświęcili życie by ratować Żydów. 70. rocznica niemieckiej zbrodni (On the 70th Anniversary of the Ulma Martyrdom); PolskieRadio.pl; accessed 30 August 2016. Sources
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