“Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim ({{lang-he-n|קהל קדוש בית אלוהים}}, also known as K. K. Beth Elohim, or more simply Congregation Beth Elohim), founded in 1749, is one of the oldest Jewish congregations in the United States.^[3] The congregation is nationally significant as the place where ideas resembling Reform Judaism were first evinced. It meets in an architecturally significant 1840 Greek Revival synagogue located at 90 Hasell (pronounced as if it were spelled Hazel) Street in Charleston, South Carolina. It was designed by Cyrus L. Warner.

History

In 1820, the synagogue would not accept as converts any free people of color, thus rejecting the mixed-race children of Jewish men and African-American women.^[4]

Before 1830 Kahal Kodesh Beth Elohim (KKBE) was a place of worship in Charleston, South Carolina for Spanish and Portuguese Jews using Portuguese rituals as done in Portugal before the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions, it later adopted a reformed religious ritual, after reabsorbing a splinter group originally led by Isaac Harby. In 1824 Reformed Society of the Israelites was founded by Portuguese Jews. It adopted ideas from the European Reform movement, and itself contributed ideas to the later, widespread American Reform movement, but was also quite different form either of them, with its own unique Reform prayer-book, the first in America^[5]

The founding members of the KKBE were Sephardi Jews of Spanish and Portuguese descendants, who arrived into Charleston from London, England. While the congregation is sometimes considered to be the originator of Reform Judaism in the United States, that movement was established by European immigrants mostly from Germany later on.

Rabbi Burton Padoll, who served as the synagogue's rabbi during the 1960s, was an outspoken activist for the rights of African-Americans. Rabbi Padoll was forced to resign as rabbi after prominent members of the congregation objected to his support for the civil rights movement.^[6]

Synagogue

The present Greek Revival building is the second oldest synagogue building, and the oldest in continuous use, in the United States.^[7] It is a single story brick building, set on a raised granite foundation. The brick is stuccoed and painted white, and is marked in manner to resemble stone blocks. The front has a full Greek temple front, with fluted Doric columns supporting a gabled pediment.^[8] The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4, 1978, as Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue^[2] and was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 19, 1980.^[1]^[8] The Coming Street Cemetery, owned by the Congregation, is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1789&ResourceType=Building|title=Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim|accessdate=2008-03-03|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135106/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1789&ResourceType=Building|archivedate=2011-06-06|df=}}
2. ^¹{{NRISref|2007a}}
3. ^Jonathan Sarna. American Judaism: A History, Yale University Press, 2004, p. 19.
4. ^[https://archive.org/details/JewsAndNegroSlaveryInTheOldSouth1789-1865 Bertram W. Korn, "Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South"], 1961, full text online at Archive.org; accessed 29 August 2018
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sabbathservicemi00refo|title=The Sabbath Service and Miscellaneous Prayers, Adopted by the Reformed Society of Israelites, founded in Charleston, S. C., November 21, 1825|last=|first=|publisher=J.S. Burges|others=Reprinted with an introduction by Dr. Barnett A. Elzas|year=1830|isbn=|editor-last=Harby|editor-first=Isaac|edition=Block Publishing Company, New York, 1916|location=44 Queen St., Charleston (SC)|pages=|quote=(From the Editor's Preface:) The Charleston Movement of 1824 was not an indigenous movement, but directly dependent upon a similar movement that had taken place in Germany a few years before, now popularly known as the Hamburg Movement. The Prayer Book of the Reformed Society of Israelites however has nothing in common with the one published for the use of the Hamburg Temple in 1819. Apart from its novelties such as the Articles of Faith, the Wedding Service, the Confirmation Service, the Service for Circumcision and for Naming a Daughter and its English Hymns, it is based upon the Portuguese Ritual then in use in Charleston.|editor-last2=Moise|editor-first2=Abraham|editor-last3=Carvalho|editor-first3=D. N.}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/opinion/310529/dont-whitewash-charlestons-jewish-history-of-racism/ |title=Don't Whitewash Charleston's Jewish History of Racism |publisher=The Forward |accessdate=2018-08-29}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710102/index.htm|title=Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue, Charleston County (90 Hasell St., Charleston) |accessdate=2008-03-23|work=National Register Properties in South Carolina listing|publisher=South Carolina Department of Archives and History}}
8. ^¹{{Cite journal|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim; Congregation Beth Elohim; Beth Elohim Synagogue|url={{NHLS url|id=78002499}} |format=pdf|date=April 1980 |author=Polly Ann Matherly |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{NHLS url|id=78002499|title=Accompanying three photos, exterior and interior, from 1973 and 1977|photos=y}} {{small|(32 KB)}}

External links

17 : 19th-century synagogues|Buildings and structures in Charleston, South Carolina|Founding members of the Union for Reform Judaism|German-American culture in South Carolina|German-Jewish culture in the United States|Greek Revival architecture in South Carolina|Greek Revival synagogues|Jewish-American history|National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina|National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, South Carolina|Portuguese-American history|Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina|Reform synagogues in South Carolina|Religious buildings completed in 1840|Religious organizations established in 1749|Sephardi Jewish culture in the United States|Spanish-American history