| 词条 | Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant |
| 释义 |
| name = Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant | image = | image_caption = | location_map = Russia Kaliningrad Oblast | coordinates = {{coord|54|56|20|N|22|09|40|E|type:landmark_region:RU-KGD|display=inline,title}} | name_official = Baltiiskaya NPP | country = Russia | location = Neman, Kaliningrad Oblast | status = construction suspended | construction_began = {{start date|df=yes|25 February 2010}} | commissioned = ? | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = Rosenergoatom | operator = | ps_units_uc = 2 × 1,170 MW | ps_units_planned = | ps_units_decommissioned = | np_reactor_type = VVER-1200/491 | np_reactor_supplier = Atomenergoprom | ps_cooling_source = | ps_cooling_towers = 1 | ps_electrical_capacity = 2,340 | ps_electrical_cap_fac = | website = baltnpp.rosenergoatom.ru }} The Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant (also referred as Baltic Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) or Baltiiskaya NPP, {{lang-ru|Калининградская атомная электростанция; Калининградская АЭС [{{Audio|Ru-Калининградская атомная электростанция.ogg|pronunciation}}] or Балтийская АЭС [{{Audio|Ru-Балтийская атомная электростанция.ogg|pronunciation}}]}}) is a nuclear power plant under construction {{convert|13|km}} south-east of Neman, in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.[1][2] It is seen as a counter-project to the plan to build the Visaginas nuclear power plant in Lithuania and is considered not only as an energy, but also as a geopolitical project.[3][4][5][6] In June 2013 the construction was temporary stopped for the project to be redesigned.[6][7] MotivationThe nuclear power plant is foreseen to secure power supply for the Kaliningrad Oblast and to replace natural gas-based power generation. It has been mentioned that the Kaliningrad Oblast needs the project "because for the time being it imports energy from NATO countries."[5] The excess electricity was planned to be exported into the EU market.[2][8][12] According to Sergey Boyarkin, deputy general director of Rosenergoatom, the first reactor would be sufficient for Kaliningrad Oblast's needs, while electricity produced by the second reactor would be exported when not filling gaps in generation caused by refuelling and downtime.[9] Lithuania, Poland and Germany were named as potential export markets.[10][11] Sergey Boyarkin has said that the shutdown of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant combined with Polish plans to scrap coal-fired generation in compliance with environmental regulation means that the Baltic region faces an energy crisis by 2015.[12][17] He also has said that Kaliningrad Oblast will be isolated from electricity supplies from Russia if the Baltic states de-synchronize themselves from the Russian electricity grid and join the synchronous grid of Continental Europe (ENTSO-E grid).[13] He also mentioned technical complications and unreliability in electricity transfer from Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant, the main supplier of Kaliningrad Oblast, via Belarus and Lithuania.[9] On the other hand, the project has been seen as a counter-project to the Visaginas nuclear power plant project in Lithuania.[3][4][12] Russia invited Lithuania to participate in the project, instead of building the nuclear power plant in Lithuania.[11] HistoryA framework construction agreement was signed between the head of Rosatom Sergei Kiriyenko and Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast Georgy Boos on 16 April 2008. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed the order for construction of the 2,300 MW plant in September 2009.[1] Ground preparation works started on 25 February 2010.[14][15] The first concrete was scheduled to be laid in April 2011, but was delayed until February 2012.[16] On 4 June 2013, an order of Atomenergoproject, dated 30 May 2013 and published on 4 June 2013, ordered a series of staffing and budgeting overhauls "in connection with the mothballing of the Baltic NPP and NIAEP budget adjustments for 2013."[17] It was later said that the project will be temporary stopped to reconsider the project's design in case there will be no export to the European Union.[6][7] On 4 July 2013, Sergey Kiriyenko, head of Rosatom, announced that both units will be built like previously planned, with two VVER-1200 and no smaller reactor.[18] Technical featuresThe original design had foreseen two VVER-1200/491 pressurized water reactors in an AES-2006 standard design configuration. The reactors have a capacity of 1150 MWe each and would be supplied by Atomstroyexport.[2] The first reactor was planned to be operational by 2017 and the second reactor by 2018.[1] Cost was expected to be around €6.8 billion (US$8.8 billion)[19] Two further reactors could be added in the future depending on economic development in Kaliningrad and in the Baltic region in general.[35] The redesigned plan may consist of two reactors by capacity of 640 MW (VVER-640) and 40 MW (KLT-40S).[17] An alternative foresees up to eight reactors by capacity of 40 MW each.[6][7] Project developmentThe project is developed by Rosatom's subsidiary Inter RAO UES.[2][20] According to Rosatom, 49% of shares in the project will be offered to European companies. This would be the first Russian nuclear power plant with foreign participation.[21] Potential investors named in this context are ČEZ, Enel, and Iberdrola.[22][23][24] However, as of June 2013, no foreign partner has joined the project.[25] References1. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2009/09/29/Russia-to-build-Kaliningrad-nuclear-plant/UPI-96641254255230/ | title = Russia to build Kaliningrad nuclear plant | publisher = UPI | date = 2009-09-29 | accessdate = 2009-10-14}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-O-S/Russia--Nuclear-Power/#.UUepVRksW0B | title = Nuclear Power in Russia | publisher = World Nuclear Association | date = February 2013 | accessdate = 18 March 2013}} 3. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/20316/ | title = Russia plans nuclear plant for Kaliningrad exclave | work = The Baltic Times | date = 2008-04-23 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 4. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Kaliningrad_plan_for_Baltic_States_market_1704086.html | title = Kaliningrad plan for Baltic States market | work = World Nuclear News | date = 2008-04-17 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 5. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080219/99573246.html | title = Nuclear fever in the Baltics | first = Tatyana | last = Sinitsyna | agency = RIA Novosti | date = 2008-02-19 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite news | url =http://www.bellona.ru/news/news_2013/1371132706.45 | script-title=ru:Балтийская АЭС: "примерно восемь реакторов мощностью 40 МВт каждый" - ?! В. Лимаренко: Развитие проекта Балтийской АЭС временно приостановлено |trans-title=Baltic NPP: "about eight reactors with capacity of 40 MW each" - ?! V. Limarenko: Development of the Baltic NPP project is temporary stopped | publisher = Bellona | date = 2013-06-13 | accessdate = 2013-06-16 | language = Russian}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.interfax.ru/news.asp?id=312145 | script-title=ru:Генподрядчик подтвердил приостановку проекта Балтийской АЭС мощностью 2ГВт |trans-title=General contractor confirmed the suspension of the Baltic nuclear power plant project with capacity of 2 GW | agency = Interfax | date = 2013-06-13 | accessdate = 2013-06-16 | language = Russian}} 8. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080421/105520282.html | title = Russia plans nuclear project for Kaliningrad | first = Tatyana | last = Sinitsyna | agency = RIA Novosti | date = 2008-04-21 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |url = http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/2010/06/24/nuclear-power-plants-russians-building-lithuanians-planning/ |title = Nuclear Power Plants: Russians building, Lithuanians planning |agency = The Lithuania Tribune |newspaper = Lietuvos Zinios |date = 2010-06-18 |accessdate = 2010-10-31 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111009133304/http://www.lithuaniatribune.com/2010/06/24/nuclear-power-plants-russians-building-lithuanians-planning/ |archivedate = 9 October 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.rosbalt.biz/2008/04/17/475997.html |script-title = ru:Эксперты: АЭС в Калининградской области решает много проблем |agency = Rosbalt |date = 2008-07-21 |language = Russian |accessdate = 2008-08-06 |trans-title = NPP in the Kaliningrad Oblast solves a lot of problems |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622091301/http://www.rosbalt.biz/2008/04/17/475997.html |archivedate = 22 June 2008 |df = dmy-all}} 11. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=26307 | title = Lithuania looks to neighbours for power | work = World Nuclear News | date = 2009-10-14 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/fulltext/56347 | title = In Between the Major Powers | agency = German News Information Services GmbH | work = german-foreign-policy.com | date = 2010-05-31 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 13. ^1 {{cite press release |url = http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/eng/press/news/article/?article-id=E68875B6-7221-4391-992E-2EDCC683189B |title = Baltic NPP: After 2015 the Baltic region will face energy crisis |publisher = Rosenergoatom |date = 2009-07-27 |accessdate = 2009-10-14 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101010052312/http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/eng/press/news/article/?article-id=E68875B6-7221-4391-992E-2EDCC683189B |archivedate = 10 October 2010 |df = dmy-all}} 14. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.rian.ru/economy/20100225/210843696.html | script-title=ru:"Росатом" начал строительство Балтийской АЭС |trans-title=Rosatom started construction of the Baltic NPP to build | agency = RIA Novosti | date = 2010-02-25 | language = Russian | accessdate = 2010-10-31 }} 15. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=28299 | title = Baltic site works | work = World Nuclear News | date = 27 August 2010 | accessdate = 14 March 2012}} 16. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Construction_starts_at_Baltic_plant-2702125.html |title= Construction starts at Baltic plant |date= 27 February 2012 |work = World Nuclear News |accessdate= 13 March 2012 }} 17. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2013/baltic_npp_leaked_documents | title = Leaked mothballing order confirms CPR stopped on long-suffering Baltic NPP – Rosatom website counters in own version | first = Maria | last = Kaminskaya | publisher = Bellona | date = 2013-06-04 | accessdate = 2013-06-16}} 18. ^{{cite news |url= http://ria.ru/atomtec_news/20130704/947550016.html |title= "Росэнергоатом" намерен достроить два энергоблока Балтийской АЭС |date= 4 July 2013 |work = RIA Novosti |accessdate= 9 July 2013 }} 19. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN_Imminent_construction_of_Baltic_nuclear_power_plant_0802121.html |title= Imminent construction of Baltic nuclear power plant |date= 8 February 2012 |work = World Nuclear News |accessdate= 13 March 2012 }} 20. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.regnum.ru/news/1019840.html | script-title=ru:Строительство АЭС даст колоссальный толчок для развития Калининградской области: эксперт |trans-title=Construction of the NPP gives a tremendous boost to the development of Kaliningrad Oblast: expert | agency = REGNUM News Agency | date = 2008-06-26 | language = Russian | accessdate = 2008-08-06 }} 21. ^1 {{cite news | url = http://www.regnum.ru/news/988434.html | script-title=ru:Строительство АЭС сделает Калининградскую область регионом, через который Россия совершит геополитический прорыв: эксперт |trans-title=Construction of the NPP makes the Kaliningrad Oblast region through which Russia achieves geopolitical breakthrough: expert | agency = REGNUM News Agency | date = 2008-04-17 | language = Russian | accessdate = 2008-08-06 }} 22. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=21318 | title = Baltic nuclear plant brought forward | work = World Nuclear News | date = 2008-08-27 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 23. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=27599 | title = Enel looks at foreign markets | work = World Nuclear News | date = 2010-04-27 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 24. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=25765 | title = Iberdrola looks for new-build opportunities | work = World Nuclear News | date = 2009-08-06 | accessdate = 2010-10-31}} 25. ^{{cite news | url = http://world-nuclear-news.org/NN_Grid_concerns_for_Baltic_project_1106131.html | title = Grid concerns for Baltic project | work = World Nuclear News | date = 2013-06-11 | accessdate = 2013-06-16}} External links{{stack|{{Portal|Russia|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
8 : Nuclear power stations in Russia|Proposed power stations in Russia|Proposed nuclear power stations|Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction|Nuclear power stations with proposed reactors|Nuclear power stations using VVER reactors|Inter RAO|Kaliningrad Oblast |
| 随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。