| 词条 | Kaloyan and Desislava |
| 释义 |
| name =Kaloyan and Desislava | title =Sebastocrators of Sredets (Sofia) | image= Kalojan desislava.jpg | reign =13th century | coronation = | predecessor = | successor = | spouse = | issue =see below | royal house =Asen | father = | mother = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | buried = |}}Kaloyan ({{lang-bg|Калоян}}; Old Bulgarian: КАЛѠѢНЪ, Kalōjěnŭ) and Desislava ({{lang-bg|Десислава}}; Old Bulgarian: ДЕСИСЛАВА, Desislava) were 13th-century Bulgarian nobles, sebastocrators of Sredets (Sofia) and the surrounding region during the Asen dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire. They are credited as main donors and patrons of the Boyana Church. Their portraits, created in 1259 by the painters of Tarnovo Artistic School in Boyana Church are considered by many leading experts as the first Renaissance images in European art[1][2] LifeKaloyan may have been the grandson of Tsar Ivan Asen I (1189–1196) from his younger son sebastocrator Alexander, as he is mentioned as a cousin of Tsar Constantine Tih (1257–1277); however, his relation to the royal family may have been merely titular. Kaloyan was an opponent of Tsar Michael Asen I's (1246–1256) pro-Byzantine policy and took part in the plot against him.[3] Desislava is also noble of Asen dynasty. Kaloyan and Desislava are mainly known as the main donors of the Boyana Church, a medieval Eastern Orthodox church in Boyana, Sofia.[3] An inscription from 1259 in the church describes Kaloyan's role in its construction; he is also referred to as a grandson of the Serbian king Saint Stephen. It has been theorized that Kaloyan reconstructed Roman Emperor Constantine I's palace in Sofia and used it as his city residence.[4] Two other small churches in Sofia, St Petka the Old and St Nicholas, have also been attributed to his donorship.[5] Boyana frescoes{{main|Boyana Church}}The Boyana church is well known worldwide for the high artistic value of its frescos dated from 1259. Kaloyan and Desislava are donors to the painters of Tarnovo Artistic School, the creators of these frescoes. The murals form a second layer over the paintings from earlier centuries and are one of the most complete and well-preserved monuments of Bulgarian mediaeval art. The more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes are with marked individuality, convincing psychological characteristics and vitality, which present the exceptional achievements of Bulgarian medieval culture. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art. The Boyana painters went beyond the limitations of the medieval thinking by presenting the man, the saints, the rulers and the entire world in a more modern light. They created a rich gallery of secular, spiritual and warriors portraits, where the skillfully depicted psychological characteristics were combined with individual physical beauty. According to many leading experts, the world-famous frescoes in the Boyana Church played an important role in the development of medieval European painting.[1] SignificanceDesislava is one of the most popular medieval Bulgarian women and she became a muse of many writers, poets and artists later. Desislava is considered as the epitome of Bulgarian women in literature and art, portrayed as a beautiful, free and independent. According to the historian Georgi Konstantinov she is evidence for the special place of women in the Bulgarian Middle Ages.[6] HonoursDesislava Cove on Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica is named after Desislava. References1. ^1 {{cite book |title= Боянската църква и нейните стенописи|language=Bulgarian |last=Мавродинов |first=Никола |publisher=Народна просвета |location=София |year=1973}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaloyan}}2. ^{{cite book |title= Bulgarien. Kunstdenkmäler aus vier Jahrtausenden von den Thrakern bis zur Gegenwart.|language=German |last=Ecker |first=Gerhard |publisher= DuMont Buchverlag|location= Köln|year=1984}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |title=Електронно издание "История на България" |language=Bulgarian |last=Бакалов |first=Георги |author2=Милен Куманов |publisher=Труд, Сирма |location=София |year=2003 |isbn=954528613X |chapter=КАЛОЯН (неизв.-след 1259)}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.online.bg/kultura/my_html/2333/antichen.htm|title=Новият проблем на София|last=Желева-Мартинс|first=Добрина|author2=Валентина Върбанова|date=2004-08-23|publisher=Култура|language=Bulgarian|accessdate=2008-10-05}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sofia.bg/history.asp?ime=blank&title=%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%AF%20-%20127%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&fail=&lines=551&nxt=1&update=allhttp|title=София—127 години столица|language=Bulgarian|publisher=Столична община|accessdate=2008-10-05}} 6. ^{{cite book |title= Символи в българската литература|language=Bulgarian |last=Тренчев |first=Григор |location=София |year=2002}} 7 : Medieval Bulgarian nobility|History of Sofia|13th-century deaths|13th-century Bulgarian people|Bulgarian princes|Year of birth unknown|Sebastokrators |
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