| 词条 | Kappa organism |
| 释义 |
In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts, occurring in some strains of the ciliate Paramecium. Paramecium strains possessing the particles are known as "killer paramecia". They liberate a substance also known as paramecin[1][2] into the culture medium that is lethal to Paramecium that do not contain kappa particles. Kappa particles are found in genotypes of Paramecium aurelia syngen 2 that carry the dominant gene K.[3][4] Kappa particles are Feulgen-positive and stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis. The length of the particles is 0.2–0.5μ.[5] While there was initial confusion over the status of kappa particles as viruses, bacteria, organelles,[6] or mere nucleoprotein,[7] the particles are intracellular bacterial symbionts called Caedibacter taenospiralis.[8] Caedibacter taenospiralis contains cytoplasmic protein inclusions called R bodies which act as a toxin delivery system. References1. ^{{cite journal |last=Sonneborn |first=T. M. |title=Paramecium in modern biology |journal=Bios |volume=21 |issue=1 |date=1950 |pages=31–43}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last=Takayanagi |first=Tan |last2=Hayashi |first2=Shinji |title=Cytological and Cytogenetical Studies on Paramecium polycaryum. V. Lethal Interactions in Certain Stocks |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=1964 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01733.x}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Henderson's Dictionary of biological terms|author=Lawrence E.|publisher=Longman Group Ltd.|year=1999|isbn=0-582-22708-9|place=London}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1976|isbn=0-387-07668-9|place=Heidelberg - New York|authors=Rieger R. Michaelis A., Green M. M.}} 5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = C. H. | title = Elimination of Kappa Particles from 'Killer' Strains of Paramecium aurelia by Treatment with Chloromycetin | doi = 10.1038/166527A0 | journal = Nature | volume = 166 | issue = 4221 | pages = 527 | year = 1950 | pmid = | pmc = }} 6. ^Kappa Particles in mediLexicon 7. ^Kappa Particles in McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Dictionary 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pond|first=F. R.|last2=Gibson|first2=I.|last3=Lalucat|first3=J.|last4=Quackenbush|first4=R. L.|date=1989-03-01|title=R-body-producing bacteria|journal=Microbiological Reviews|volume=53|issue=1|pages=25–67|issn=0146-0749|pmc=372716|pmid=2651865}} External links
| last1 = Preer | first1 = L. B. | last2 = Jurand | first2 = A. | last3 = Preer Jr | first3 = J. R. | last4 = Rudman | first4 = B. M. | title = The classes of kappa in Paramecium aurelia | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 581–600 | year = 1972 | pmid = 5076362 }}
| last1 = Preer Jr | first1 = J. R. | last2 = Preer | first2 = L. B. | last3 = Jurand | first3 = A. | title = Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia | journal = Bacteriological Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–163 | year = 1974 | pmid = 4599970 | pmc = 413848 }} See also
4 : Cell anatomy|Oligohymenophorea|Biological interactions|Toxins |
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